| ▲ | codedokode 2 days ago |
| Why payment processors do it? Why people in America do not want to earn more money from commissions? Strong church lobby? Legal risks? I think its mostly religious groups who who are against adult content and sex, or there are other groups? Also this is why we should work to increase circulation of cryptocurrency. No stupid religious restrictions and stupid political sanctions. Also why PornHub and OnlyFans are immune to religious lobby? |
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| ▲ | Aurornis 2 days ago | parent | next [-] |
| Stripe (their payment process) will handle adult content payments. It puts the account into the high risk category due to the high rate of fraud in those categories. There's no actual evidence in the article that payment processors made them do it. They actually banned pornography long before this. They just updated the terms to clarify what counted as pornography. > Also this is why we should work to increase circulation of cryptocurrency. Cryptocurrency actually does avoid this problem because it doesn't allow chargebacks and the consumer has to foot the bill for transaction fees. Those are also the reasons why consumers don't like it. > Also why PornHub and OnlyFans are immune to religious lobby? They're not? They would have the same high risk accounts and include the higher fees into their business model. |
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| ▲ | eggbrain 2 days ago | parent | next [-] | | > Stripe (their payment process) will handle adult content payments. It puts the account into the high risk category due to the high rate of fraud in those categories. Stripe _says_ they will handle these type of payments, but more often than not, within roughly a year of implementation you'll get an email from them kicking you off their platform, no matter how vigilant you were, or even if the things you were selling were more rated R than rated X. Source: my own insider knowledge along with colleagues in the space. | | |
| ▲ | echelon 2 days ago | parent [-] | | Why is this no longer on the front page of HN? This should be the top article. It's only an hour old and has hundreds up upvotes. The payments industry is strong arming free speech to promote religious fundamentalism. There is no such thing as vice content being higher risk. That's a diversion topic. Fewer and fewer people are hiding porn payments from their wives. We don't need the religious oligarchy dictating how you can live. Edit: it's back. Halfway down the page. A few minutes ago it was not on the home page at all and I had to search for it. | | |
| ▲ | tptacek 2 days ago | parent | next [-] | | No it isn't. It's struggling on the front page because this is a very old story and it's the same conversation every time: payment processors hate this stuff because digital goods are fraud and chargeback magnets, and that's doubly true of adult content. | | |
| ▲ | rcxdude a day ago | parent | next [-] | | This would be a reason for processing such transactions to be more expensive. | |
| ▲ | altairprime 2 days ago | parent | prev | next [-] | | Those are valid facts, but this is missing an underlying point: HN’s community is not concerned about this form of discrimination, so each time it crosses the front page, we see lots of threads about deregulation but few about the spectre of ethics raised by these acts. Ethics aren’t typically in-scope for HN unless the party harmed is either a for-profit corporation or a tech worker; since HN doesn’t as a community tend to openly self-identify with the fields of sex work, the ethical issues here are effectively out of scope here. One can imagine a different HN that gave the ethical threats to Others as much airtime as it gives to ethical threats to Self. I remain hopeful. | | |
| ▲ | tptacek 2 days ago | parent [-] | | Lots of products have the same fraud/chargeback dynamics are are similar disfavored by payment processors. | | |
| ▲ | altairprime a day ago | parent [-] | | If only all moral objections had such plausible-deniability ready to promote disregarding them, we’d never have to teach or debate morality and ethical practices in tech at all! Fortunately, the core debate — should payment processors be required to provide service so long as the operator is cooperative with escrow and other such ‘avoid money going out the door fraudulently’ restrictions on high-chargeback enterprises? — remains a ‘brass ring’ desirable outcome of techno-libertarians and so the issue continues be fought about. (Even if it’s only indirectly a morality debate over sex products.) | | |
| ▲ | tptacek a day ago | parent [-] | | This isn't responsive to anything I've written. It's not in any sense a moral debate over sex products. It's a practical debate over how expensive it is to underwrite transactions in these markets. The people involved in making those payments work are extending credit. | | |
| ▲ | TimorousBestie a day ago | parent [-] | | Payment processors have constructed a “moral ordering of sexuality” [1] that would be entirely unnecessary if, as you claim, their intentions are purely legal and/or related to high chargeback rates. If it’s not a moral issue, then the rules should be simple and easily communicable. Examples: Comply with the law of your jurisdiction. Keep your chargeback rates below x%. Instead, payment processors intentionally refuse to enforce consistent rules across platforms. Not the behavior of an economically-motivated, entirely rational agent. [1] https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/13634607241305579 | | |
| ▲ | rahidz 4 hours ago | parent | next [-] | | First off, great article, everyone involved in this discussion should read it. Second, agreed, if this was primarily about chargeback rates, there'd be no differentiation between disallowing things like hypnosis, (fictional) non-con, BDSM, etc. over vanilla sexual material. Instead it seems to be a mixture of pressure by (primarily religious, though some feminist) anti-porn activists, negative media portrayals (e.g. Kristof's PornHub article in the NYT), and understandable fear of lawsuits resulting from hosting actual illegal material (Visa/Pornhub case in California). | | | |
| ▲ | tptacek a day ago | parent | prev [-] | | This is all a pretty naive take on dealing with transaction fraud. You're not going to get the transparency you're after. | | |
| ▲ | TimorousBestie a day ago | parent | next [-] | | I’m not calling for “more transparency,” I’m calling into question your assertion that the payment processors are acting out of rational self-interest. It’s a little strange to complain about no one being responsive to you when you’ve summarily dismissed every comment in this thread. | | |
| ▲ | tptacek 21 hours ago | parent [-] | | Once again this is like the 10th time this discussion has played out on HN. If you want to see a less conclusory set of arguments, use the search bar and go back a couple years. The counterargument here doesn't even make sense. You think payment processors are run by people with weird puritan takes on adult content? No, they're exactly the same nerds that work everywhere else in the industry. I'm sure someone will come up with some just-so story about how payment processors, and only payment processors, are suspectible to influence from religious radicals or whatever, but: special pleading is special pleading. | | |
| ▲ | TimorousBestie 20 hours ago | parent [-] | | > Once again this is like the 10th time this discussion has played out on HN. If the conversation is too boring and repetitive for you personally due to your long, long history as a commenter, you could always choose not to participate in it. That’s more or less what you’ve done here in any case, with the added efficiency of one fewer step. This is what, past the thirtieth anniversary of Eternal September? I’d think you’ve had plenty of time to cope with the social phenomenon. > I'm sure someone will come up with some just-so story about how payment processors, and only payment processors, are suspectible to influence from religious radicals or whatever, but: special pleading is special pleading. A lot of that going around, huh. https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=48129408 |
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| ▲ | a day ago | parent | prev [-] | | [deleted] |
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| ▲ | VerifiedReports 2 days ago | parent | prev [-] | | If U.S. credit-card issuers were worried about fraud, they would have implemented the other half of "chip-&-PIN," which the rest of the world has been using for decades. U.S. customers pretty much JUST got chips in our cards... but issuers "forgot" to implement the PIN part. Zero sympathy for this scumbag monopoly. | | |
| ▲ | codedokode 2 days ago | parent | next [-] | | In my country you usually need to confirm payments with SMS OTP, except for trusted merchants (but they take the risk of fraud by opting out from confirmation). So simply stealing a bank card doesn't get you far. And pretending that you did not pay is also more difficult. Is US different? Do banks and clients trust each other in US and do not require OTP? | | |
| ▲ | BenjiWiebe 2 days ago | parent [-] | | Yep. If I take someone's credit card, I can use it all I want, until either 1) they notice and cancel the card, or 2) I trip the fraud protection with unusual spending patterns. |
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| ▲ | kasey_junk a day ago | parent | prev [-] | | Chip & pin doesn’t help with chargebacks or merchant fraud which is what costs credit card processors and issuers in adult content. |
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| ▲ | slumberlust 2 days ago | parent | prev | next [-] | | Are you viewing by the default page or active? Several of these articles were discussed last year when the processors were pressuring Valve. Maybe a little topic fatigue? | |
| ▲ | infecto 2 days ago | parent | prev | next [-] | | [flagged] | | |
| ▲ | mcphage 2 days ago | parent [-] | | > This is not free speech. Adult content is not a protected class. Why does adult content not count as speech? | | |
| ▲ | infecto 2 days ago | parent [-] | | US civics 101. The first amendment mostly restricts government action. This is not a free speech issue unless you want to legislate that adult content is a protected class or want to make a special clause for payment processing. This is a perfect use case for crypto imo. If you are making an argument that new legislation needs to made, great but unfortunately people jump to the idea that this is immediately a free speech issue. | | |
| ▲ | Fargren 2 days ago | parent | next [-] | | Freedom of speech is not defined by the US constitution. Free speech is an ideological stance, not a legal definition. US laws protects some forms of free speech and not others. | | |
| ▲ | infecto 2 days ago | parent [-] | | Good luck with that. We can all day long discuss what is free speech and not free speech but unless it’s a protected class or a carveout for payment processors it does not matter. Propose solutions instead. You could argue that payment processors control so much of the market that it’s like the government limiting speech but I would counter argue that they could use crypto easily. Not to mention usually businesses use payment processors as the scape goat. Very few business, other than purpose built, want to deal with adult content. |
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| ▲ | Worf 2 days ago | parent | prev [-] | | Could a case be made not from a free speech POV but from a antitrust one? |
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| ▲ | suburban_strike 2 days ago | parent | prev [-] | | There is no "religious oligarchy" dictating anything. Feminist groups are responsible for the last few waves of censorship. Collective Shout was specifically named in the itch.io/Steam campaigns and the previous PornHub campaigns were waged by a litany of left-wing media sources hyperfocused on particular types of content (mostly rape, hypnosis and incest). Jewish groups applied similar pressure when people were uploading antisemitic porn. "Religious" groups haven't been relevant to censorship discussions since the early 90s. > Fewer and fewer people are hiding porn payments from their wives. Normalizing leaving a paper trail of extramarital misdeeds is the sort of opsec disinformation you're supposed to use on enemies. Don't lie to your allies. Anyone that wants out of their marriage that badly can just as easily come out as bisexual or propose redefinition of their marriage to embrace interracial cuckolding. Women love having such salacious leverage in divorce court. > There is no such thing as vice content being higher risk. That's a diversion topic. Such a diversion that there is an entire cottage industry of guides for prospective e-thots to mitigate chargeback risks? Every commercial site I've ever seen engages in fraudulent billing or dark patterns. "$1 for a week, then only $24.99...billed weekly." The chargeback rates are real when an industry exists to part horny fools from their money. | | |
| ▲ | nerdsniper 2 days ago | parent | next [-] | | Collective Shout is a Christian anti-rights organization wrapped in feminist cloth. The founder of Collective Shout previously successfully lobbied against mifepristone and opposed changes to legislation requiring pro-life pregnancy-counseling services to disclose their affiliations in their advertising. In 2004, she founded the anti-abortion lobby Women's Forum Australia. | | |
| ▲ | umbra07 2 days ago | parent [-] | | Why are you jumping from "anti-abortion" to "Christian"? | | |
| ▲ | nerdsniper 2 days ago | parent | next [-] | | Collective Shout's primary PR release platform is "Eternity News", self-described as: > Published by Bible Society Australia, Eternity is a national media platform for Christians, designed to encourage, equip and inspire them by revealing what God is doing in our nation and beyond. | |
| ▲ | solid_fuel 2 days ago | parent | prev [-] | | That’s not a jump, it’s a straight line. These fundies like to dress it up but it’s transparently obvious to anyone who has dealt with religious fundamentalists that is their core driver. |
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| ▲ | RunSet a day ago | parent | prev [-] | | > There is no "religious oligarchy" dictating anything. You might inform Peter Thiel. https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2025/oct/10/peter-thiel-... |
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| ▲ | iamnothere 2 days ago | parent | prev | next [-] | | This may have been true at some point and is the conventional wisdom now, but it’s no longer accurate as pointed out by others in the discussion here. There’s a lot of pressure coming from anti-porn activists who seem to have zeroed in on smaller companies as the most vulnerable. OnlyFans and the PornHub parent company have faced many different attacks as well, including lawsuits and campaigns for age verification laws, but for whatever reason they seem to be immune to financial pressure. Probably because all they do is adult content, so they are willing to fight it no matter the cost! (Note that OnlyFans did get attacked in this same way before and briefly attempted to pivot to non-adult content before rapidly backpedaling after a user and creator uproar.) | |
| ▲ | dhosek 2 days ago | parent | prev | next [-] | | Some 15 years ago, I interviewed at a payment processor that specialized in NFSW customers and pretty much the fraud/chargeback rate is ridiculously high for porn sites and the like. Elsewhere in the thread someone commented about even vigilant customers getting kicked off stripe, but I’m guessing that even with vigilance, the fraud/chargeback rate will be much higher than an acceptable threshold. There’s a limit to what you can do. When I was taking credit cards in the 90s, I managed to have an almost perfect record (the advantage of selling print subscriptions where a stable delivery address is needed), but got burned by a purchase with a stolen card where they bought a number of back issues plus a 2-year subscription and had it all sent to Hungary. | |
| ▲ | PretzelPirate 2 days ago | parent | prev | next [-] | | > because it doesn't allow chargebacks You can have chargebacks in crypto if the payment is scripted to allow chargebacks. It would be up to the merchant and the buyer on whether or not to allow that, and who would mediate the dispute. | | |
| ▲ | miki123211 2 days ago | parent | next [-] | | And unlike in trad fi, you can have the dispute mediator / escrow manager / trustee be physically limited in what they can do with the money. Visa can run away with your unclaimed payouts (if forced to do so by law enforcement for example). This doesn't have to be true in crypto; you can set things up so that the third party can either release the money to the payee or send it back to the payer, without giving them the capability to send it to some arbitrary address of their choosing. | |
| ▲ | akerl_ 2 days ago | parent | prev | next [-] | | That's not a chargeback, that's an escrow service. | | |
| ▲ | PretzelPirate 21 hours ago | parent [-] | | That is charge back. Even with a credit card, your bank is the mediator between you and the merchant. |
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| ▲ | epolanski 2 days ago | parent | prev [-] | | How do you script a chargeback with Bitcoin payments? | | |
| ▲ | vova_hn2 2 days ago | parent [-] | | One of the options: money go to a 2/3 multisig address, 1 key is controlled by the customer, 1 key is controlled by the service provider, 1 key is controlled by an escrow service. |
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| ▲ | xingped a day ago | parent | prev | next [-] | | > Cryptocurrency actually does avoid this problem because it doesn't allow chargebacks and the consumer has to foot the bill for transaction fees. Those are also the reasons why consumers don't like it. I think the reasons consumers don't like cryptocurrency has more to do with its overwhelming use for and exposure to scams, fraud, money-laundering, etc. than with no chargeback support or having to foot the transaction fees... | |
| ▲ | Scaled 2 days ago | parent | prev | next [-] | | Just FYI, the high rate of fraud is FUD. I am in the field, have a very good chargeback rate, and still cannot secure card processing at fair terms. The processors I have spoken to know chargeback rates are low, but it's a rigged system designed to extract maximal revenue by middlemen. | | |
| ▲ | 9x39 2 days ago | parent | next [-] | | >Adult chargebacks consistently exceed the 1% threshold that triggers Visa and Mastercard monitoring programs, with secondary industry reporting placing the average annual rate in the 3% to 4% range >How is an adult chargeback ratio calculated? Divide the number of chargebacks in a month by the total transactions in the same month. The result is the chargeback ratio. Visa and Mastercard both use this formula, with Visa weighting dispute count and dollar volume together under VAMP. https://sensapay.com/resources/blog/adult-industry-chargebac... It seems like that sector has 3-4X the disputes and maybe even fraud, independent of your own business practices or success. | |
| ▲ | aeternum 2 days ago | parent | prev | next [-] | | Depends on what you mean by fraud. Chargebacks are known to be high in this area just because of the spouse effect, IE "Hey, honey what is this adult-content charge on our credit card statement?" "Oh obviously must be a mistake, I'll call to have them remove it". To get around this, some sites use less obvious or vague names, but that creates its own category of chargebacks. | |
| ▲ | NoMoreNicksLeft 2 days ago | parent | prev | next [-] | | A country with sane policy would consider payment processing to be infrastructure every bit as much as bridges or airports or an electrical grid. Any country even dabbling with the idea of becoming cashless should have to consider it that. | |
| ▲ | criddell 2 days ago | parent | prev [-] | | That's like a 16 year old saying the auto insurance game is rigged because they are a very good driver but can't get cheap insurance. Maybe your rates are high because of the risk pool you are in. | | |
| ▲ | Hackbraten 2 days ago | parent | next [-] | | But what kind of risk would that be? For adolescents and auto insurance, it makes sense to me (higher testosterone levels, less driving experience, not yet fully developed sense of risks/consequences, fewer spouses/children who depend on their livelihood etc. etc.) But why would fraud be more prevalent specifically in the adult content industry than the average over all the industries? Do criminals prefer working in porn than elsewhere? Why? Or do chargebacks simply occur more often due to spouses disputing a charge in an attempt to save face in front of their partner? | | |
| ▲ | danudey 2 days ago | parent | next [-] | | Adult industry is digital content that can be "purchased" and then scraped before the chargeback goes through. Now the user has all the content that the site/model/whoever offers and didn't pay anything for it; they can then share it around, resell it, whatever. It helps that a lot of people have no respect for the people producing the content; they'll happily consume it, but they refuse to acknowledge any work that goes into it or that people should be compensated for what they've created. | |
| ▲ | ApolloFortyNine 2 days ago | parent | prev | next [-] | | Wife goes "was this you?" "no, I must have been hacked". The stats I've seen actually did put the charge back rate is high compared to other industries. What does seem like a scam though is, especially in the digital space, a refund is basically free. The merchant could agree in the case of any charge back the credit card company can just take it back, they won't argue, just take it. They'd even agree to pay the transaction fee. But you can't, so you get the 20% fee, and you still get the money clawed back from you. | |
| ▲ | dhosek 2 days ago | parent | prev [-] | | There’s going to be a lot of the spouse saving face chargebacks, people using stolen card numbers to download porn to avoid exposing their use to anyone else, active use of porn sites as a means of laundering funds from stolen card numbers—if you’re in an organization that does prostitution and card theft, you can use a third-party porn site to turn stolen card numbers into cash, etc. |
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| ▲ | Scaled 2 days ago | parent | prev [-] | | I have spoken to others in my field and we all have good chargeback rates. The problem is the VIRP/BRAM requirements push adult content into using only a handful of acquiring banks, and thus there is insufficient competition to get them to lower rates since where else you gonna go? |
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| ▲ | NoahZuniga 2 days ago | parent | prev [-] | | pornhub doesn't even accept payment via credit card. A while back they were kicked off due to there being too much CSAM. | | |
| ▲ | Manuel_D 2 days ago | parent | next [-] | | They were kicked off credit card processor because of conservative anti-porn advocates, not high rates of CSAM. It irony is that PornHub was one of the more tightly policed and more restrictive platforms, but they still got kicked off credit card processors | |
| ▲ | chimeracoder 2 days ago | parent | prev | next [-] | | > pornhub doesn't even accept payment via credit card. A while back they were kicked off due to there being too much CSAM. There are orders of magnitude more CSAM on other platforms, such as Facebook. As explained elsewhere in the comments, Pornhub was targeted by evangelical, anti-pornography groups which weaponized claims of CSAM against Pornhub for their own political purposes, despite the fact that Pornhub had vanishingly few instances even compared to other pornography platforms, let alone non-pornography platforms (like Facebook). | |
| ▲ | subscribed 2 days ago | parent | prev [-] | | And yet X can still accept payments even though it officially allows paid CSAM generation. I am not sure if CSAM is the only reason for this group - notice they specifically listed MILF/DILF, that doesn't involve or imply CSAM in any way. | | |
| ▲ | Manuel_D 2 days ago | parent [-] | | "CSAM generation" is an oxymoron. The justification behind criminalizing mere possession of CSAM is that it requires the abuse of a child to produce. This is not the case with fictional content. If the media does not depict an actual child being abused, is is by definition not CSAM. | | |
| ▲ | ogurechny 18 hours ago | parent | next [-] | | People always retroactively justify anything they see as convenient and uncontroversial, stick to “everyone's opinion” (which does not exist, and is the product of their own projections). One needs education to explain that, for example, hentai manga has little to do with realism, that character drawing styles have a long history that is only partially intertwined with lolicon wave started in the early 1980s (and that they even cross-pollinated with female-oriented manga along the way), or that the strict indecency ban (again, thanks to US) had created it in the first place (so little girls were actually used to portray proverbial 900 year old vampiresses because you could not draw those vampiresses that way). Then we can see that any kind of image, even highly realistic, even photographs, is a deliberate set of choices made by the author, not a 1:1 copy of of “reality”. Then we can switch to the viewer side, and study how the contents of people's head define what they see, and how they react. Here's a party trick. Japanese entertainment industry still produces a significant amount of media with young women in bikini. Weekly Young Magazine (one of the biggest manga periodicals) keeps placing idols on the front cover to this day. Ask someone about it, and listen to the expected comments about “questionable”, “seedy”, and “exploitative” nature of those (which are obviously true to a large extent). Then compare that to Western media products, global pop stars and such, and enjoy the excuses about it being completely different, “suitable for the whole family”, and “playing by the rules”. | |
| ▲ | subscribed a day ago | parent | prev [-] | | I'm partially with you on that one ("computer generated") but the laws converge to the position that if the computer-generated pixels are arranged in such a way that it's a young human, it's CSAM. Also we're not arguing the language here or its adherence to the specific reality, but the blunt tool the laws are. Putting other countries laws aside, I believe that digitally manipulating the image of the real child in that way results in the production of the actual CSAM and as such is a federal crime. And back to my previous comment - actual children are involved, so the abuse actually happens. If you doubt it, feel free to read up about women who experienced their own AI-manipulated pictures to make them appear naked - I don't think you deny the actual harm here. In terms of generation (harming pixels), I think the idea of the lawmakers is to criminalise similar ones as well ("indistinguishable from a real child") to offer some protections to real children. | | |
| ▲ | Manuel_D a day ago | parent | next [-] | | > Putting other countries laws aside, I believe that digitally manipulating the image of the real child in that way results in the production of the actual CSAM and as such is a federal crime. No, it's not. People have been charged, but their convictions overturned. E.g: https://capcentral.org/case_summaries/people-v-gerber/ > As the United States Supreme Court found in Ashcroft v. Free Speech Coalition (2002) 535 U.S. 234, 250-251, “[v]irtual child pornography is not ‘intrinsically related’ to the sexual abuse of children . . .. ” The nexus between such images and exploitation of children is “contingent and indirect.” The images created by Gerber is akin to virtual child pornography since the superimposing of a childs head on adult pornographic images does not involve the sexual exploitation of an actual child. Thus, mere possession of them is protected under the First Amendment. | |
| ▲ | ogurechny 17 hours ago | parent | prev [-] | | Laws do nothing without people who believe in them (just like they believe any other idol), or profit from them, or make an excuse that they are getting paid to enforce them, therefore “it is OK”. People should be pre-conditioned to lose their marbles at the mere idea of someone being naked, and rush to the saviours in power as a consequence. It is not universal, there are many places where people are not trained by hyper-sexualised culture to treat children as sexual objects first and foremost (of course, it's always because of some “other” maniacs “everywhere”). That does not mean that those places are “better” or “safer”, just not that crazy. In simple terms, viewers taught how to feel by the Jerry Springer Show (and by that I mean all “respectable” globalised media together, the difference is superficial) put on the cork hats, and dictate how everyone else should act. All while being 100% sure they are “progressive”, unlike those “savages”. Obviously, certain people really like that they can keep any international hosting company, or business in general, on a leash, and they like it to be that way forever, so it's essential that you keep supporting the hypocrisy. |
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| ▲ | mrsilencedogood 2 days ago | parent | prev | next [-] |
| For specifically sexually explicit stuff, it's because chargebacks are __significantly__ higher for these types of purchases. High enough that it messes with the credit and counterparty risk modeling that processors use. You can use your imagination to come up with many reasons these result in more chargebacks than normal purchases. Theoretically, they could just split out "explicit" vs "normal" risk categories, but there's two top problems there: 1) it's just fundamentally a smaller-yet-way-more-annoying category than the rest of their payments, and 2) tons of your partners (banks etc etc) have blanket-banned for all of the above reasons. So... here we are. |
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| ▲ | tavavex 2 days ago | parent | next [-] | | This is the common explanation I see when this topic comes up, but it always made zero sense to me. It frustrates me that people fail to realize the amount of purchaseable things that could qualify as 'explicit'. This is Kickstarter. Do we really think that someone crowdfunding a risque board game or comic is as likely to ask for a chargeback as some middle-aged man trying to hastily cancel a subscription on some porn site? And there's just so many more things you can pay for. Physical stuff. Art prints and comics. Game mods. Art commissions. Services that aren't just video platforms (social media, hookup apps and so on). There's so much more stuff out there that's not child-friendly, and I bet that all of these categories have different amounts of financial risk atrached to them. So why are all these different things grouped under the widest net, with the worst offenders being used as reason to deny processing to the entire market segment? Why did they ban all explicit content and not just porn site subscriptions or whatever else has the most chargebacks? This comment thread is confidently trying to steer around this topic, but there is ideology mixed up in this, and probably to a way larger extent than you think. | | |
| ▲ | danudey 2 days ago | parent | next [-] | | Note that, under my reading of these rules, Baldur's Gate 3 would not be allowed on Kickstarter. Nor would Mass Effect, since it has "sex acts or implied sex acts" (depending on what they mean by "implied"). | |
| ▲ | antoniojtorres 2 days ago | parent | prev | next [-] | | Why are they casting such wide net? I’ve always wondered the same thing, my experience with adult content in the digital advertising world is that there’s a group dynamic that emerges and all but erases the “political will” that would cause certain businesses to make the first move in clearly defining what they carve out categories are, so it all backslides into fairly broad categories. It’s lot of heat in some scenarios and it paralyzes companies (motives varying depending on market position and situation of course) | |
| ▲ | majorchord 2 days ago | parent | prev | next [-] | | How do you define the difference between explicit content and porn? | | |
| ▲ | tavavex 2 days ago | parent [-] | | When we're talking about the examples people bring up in this comment section to illustrate high chargeback rates ("Uncle Derek bought a $500 subscription in a stupor and his wife is about to find out"), the definition would be something like "live action video recordings of humans engaged in sexual activities". Explicit content is a superset of that, also including all the other examples I gave. Note that I'm not saying we should ban that. I'm just saying that if the 'unbearably high chargeback' excuse had merit, they would've been precision-striking just those categories of sales, instead of opting to nuke everything that humans find sexual, regardless of medium, type of product/service, artistic merit, popularity and so on. |
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| ▲ | onetokeoverthe 2 days ago | parent | prev [-] | | [dead] |
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| ▲ | Asraelite 2 days ago | parent | prev | next [-] | | > You can use your imagination to come up with many reasons these result in more chargebacks than normal purchases. No I can't. Can you elaborate? | | |
| ▲ | seanhunter 2 days ago | parent | next [-] | | The canonical example is person A buys some risque item, their partner sees the credit card statement says "what is this?", so then person A denies they made the purchase (because they are embarrassed), says it must be fraud, so then it gets charged back on the credit card. | | |
| ▲ | codedokode 2 days ago | parent [-] | | They do not have SMS OTP confirmation for bank card purchases? It is much more difficult to deny anything when there is a record of delivered SMS message along with phone identifier and precise location. |
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| ▲ | danudey 2 days ago | parent | prev [-] | | User uses a credit card, either a legitimate one or a stolen one, to buy access to a site. They download all the content that their purchase gives them access to. Then they (or the card's legitimate owner) initiate a chargeback. They "lose access to" the site but they already have everything that's there for free, and they add it to their library of other stolen content. |
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| ▲ | eastbayjake 2 days ago | parent | prev | next [-] | | I really struggle with realistic use cases for stablecoin payments (many are more gee-whiz party tricks or they are reinventing the problems of traditional finance but on a blockchain) but adult content / tipping is an interesting one... small transaction size + high chargeback rate, feels ripe for this | |
| ▲ | mrguyorama 2 days ago | parent | prev | next [-] | | >For specifically sexually explicit stuff, it's because chargebacks are __significantly__ higher for these types of purchases. This has always been a lie. I work preventing stolen credit cards from being used to buy gift cards. Payment networks do not at all care about cutting you off for having chargeback heavy flow. They demonstrate their value to customers by supporting those chargebacks, they make $20 for every single one. If you have a large fraction of your payments causing chargebacks, they just charge you more money for the privilege. They won't cut you off unless you are obviously not doing anything to prevent credit card fraud or are party to the actual fraud itself. Payment networks don't even do that much to prevent fraud, because it doesn't hurt their business at all. Everyone knows you are protected when you use a credit card, and frequent demonstrations help that. This has always come down to some fundamentalist "Christian" groups who keep spending big bucks suing anyone they can find who sells anything adult, and suing Visa and Mastercard as accessories. They are trying to ban porn, toys, adult content in general. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Center_on_Sexual_Expl... This is the group that drove Pornhub to delete 9/10ths of their library. Compare their efforts to the australian group who got so much flak for demanding steam remove violently rapey games and yet are fine with steam still being full of sexually explicit games that aren't about simulating abuse. I can't understand why people believe this lie. If it were true, you would not be able to buy a gift card over the internet at all. | | |
| ▲ | Tangurena2 2 days ago | parent [-] | | > They are trying to ban porn, toys, adult content in general. They see all LGBT stuff as porn. Which is why the current moral panic in US/UK involves transgender people. Once trans people are outlawed, the rest of the rainbow will be rounded up and eliminated. |
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| ▲ | majorchord 2 days ago | parent | prev | next [-] | | I wish they could just raise the fees to account for the chargebacks so at least it's not banned entirely. | |
| ▲ | subscribed 2 days ago | parent | prev | next [-] | | So is this specifically for "MILFs/DILFs" or "buttocks"? Because this is too specific for your understanding of the reasons to be true. They'd just blanket ban anything NSFW. | |
| ▲ | qball 2 days ago | parent | prev | next [-] | | >it's because chargebacks Sorry, but that's just bullshit. This is nothing more than your standard pseudogovernmental meddling in the "just build your own financial infrastructure" vein, and it's coming from foreign countries this time rather than the US itself (it currently has an administration less hostile to business). | |
| ▲ | general1465 2 days ago | parent | prev [-] | | Then why there are chargebacks in the first place? Allow merchants to have no chargeback policy. | | |
| ▲ | ribosometronome 2 days ago | parent | next [-] | | What merchant wants to have chargebacks? They exist for consumer protection not for the seller's benefit. | |
| ▲ | gowld 2 days ago | parent | prev [-] | | US federal laws mandate chargebacks as a consumer protection mechanism, primarily through the Fair Credit Billing Act (FCBA) of 1974 and Regulation Z of the Truth in Lending Act (TILA) | | |
| ▲ | lotsofpulp 2 days ago | parent [-] | | Why does this not apply to payment methods like Zelle? | | |
| ▲ | bell-cot 2 days ago | parent | next [-] | | Zelle is (in effect) a wire transfer - there is no "credit" (meaning "borrow now, pay later") for that law to apply. | | |
| ▲ | joecool1029 2 days ago | parent | next [-] | | To expand a little on this, Zelle and debit card transactions are covered under Regulation E: https://www.consumerfinance.gov/rules-policy/regulations/100... . So there’s a codified procedure for disputes, it’s just a little less consumer friendly. | | | |
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| ▲ | interactivecode 2 days ago | parent | prev | next [-] | | In the US can you use stripe with only online bank transfers just like in the EU? | | |
| ▲ | miki123211 2 days ago | parent [-] | | The US doesn't really do bank transfers the way we do here. There's CashApp / Venmo / Zelle, previously Paypal, for P2P transfers (paying your friend for a half of the pizza you both just ate), but that's largely an internet phenomenon. There are wire transfers, but those are expensive and largely for big-ticket items you don't buy that often, think cars or houses, not TVs. There are ACH transfers, which is how wages and bills often work. The fun part of ACH is that the person executing the transfer doesn't have to be the account owner, so businesses can just transfer bill payments from your account to theirs. And then there are the famous checks, which work when no other option is available. Non-purchase person-to-business transaction are largely done via credit card, sometimes by check or ACH. Explicitly instructing your bank to send a transfer to an account number provided by the business, either through a form or through a "quick transfer" UI, is very rare on that side of the pond. |
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| ▲ | nitwit005 2 days ago | parent | prev | next [-] |
| While the executives have their own biases, suing Visa/Mastercard, and damaging their reputation, became a strategy to attack pornography in-general: https://www.bu.edu/articles/2023/suing-visa-to-shut-down-por...
https://www.cnbc.com/2022/08/04/visa-suspends-card-payments-... And yes, naturally this is backed by the Christian right. They've tried to spin/redefine the whole anti-porn thing as anti-child trafficking, as that has more support. |
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| ▲ | advisedwang 2 days ago | parent | prev | next [-] |
| The payment processors say the reason is high fraud and charge-back rates in those industries that make it unprofitable to service. I don't know if this is true or an excuse. Either way, its an excellent reason why this critical infrastructure shouldn't be under corporate control. |
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| ▲ | coredog64 2 days ago | parent | next [-] | | Ask the Canadian truckers how well government control of banking worked out ;) Seriously though, I think the fix here is not who controls it but legislation that codifies when this type of payment deplatforming can (or cannot) be done. Make some carve-outs for smaller processors (e.g. if your church group wants to set up a pr0n-free version of Stripe, go to town) | | |
| ▲ | swat535 2 days ago | parent [-] | | Crypto didn’t help the truckers either.. Trudeau banned it, which is ironic considering the whole point of it was being government resistant. |
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| ▲ | codedokode 2 days ago | parent | prev | next [-] | | Well that is fair point, but cannot they just increase the commission to cover them? Also I think it is weird that when someone steals a bank card, they use it to buy adult games instead of buying an iPhone or MacBook and shipping it to the third world country. | | |
| ▲ | Aurornis 2 days ago | parent | next [-] | | They do! It's called a high risk merchant account. Their payment processor would do it: https://stripe.com/ie/resources/more/high-risk-merchant-acco... > Also I think it is weird that when someone steals a bank card, they use it to buy adult games instead of buying an iPhone or MacBook and shipping it to the third world country. iPhone or MacBook purchases are expensive enough to trigger fraud detection reliably. A $19.99 adult content purchase less likely to. It's not just stolen credit cards, though. Adult content purchases have another problem where purchasers often deny having made the purchase when their significant other finds it on the credit card statement. Shaggy's "It wasn't me" defense. | | |
| ▲ | codedokode 2 days ago | parent | next [-] | | > Adult content purchases have another problem where purchasers often deny having made the purchase when their significant other finds it on the credit card statement. Shaggy's "It wasn't me" defense. Ridiculous. People who consume adult content could at least behave like adults. | | |
| ▲ | slowmovintarget 17 minutes ago | parent | next [-] | | Is consuming "adult" content behaving like an adult or a hedonistic teenager? | |
| ▲ | Aurornis 2 days ago | parent | prev | next [-] | | Most of them do. It's a math problem: If a credit card processor takes 3% of the purchase price and the average purchase is small like a $10 item or a $5 monthly commitment, it doesn't take many disputes to blow up their business model. Disputes are costly because you have to pay humans to deal with paperwork and phone calls. | | |
| ▲ | mrguyorama 2 days ago | parent [-] | | Why do you believe this? They charge you a large fee for every chargeback. They get the full purchase price of the transaction back without any effort. It's automatic. Meanwhile your merchant fee per transaction is directly tied to how many chargebacks you produce. Chargebacks do not cost the payment network any money at all. All cost is borne by the merchants. That's the whole point. That's why chargebacks are effective: Because the payment network is an all powerful authority in the matter and has no incentive to deny chargebacks. | | |
| ▲ | Aurornis 21 hours ago | parent [-] | | Stripe has a $15 chargeback fee last time I worked on this. If you believe $15 covers all of the human labor involved plus the cost of their management chain and employment, I wish I could be as optimistic as labor costs as you. |
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| ▲ | gowld 2 days ago | parent | prev [-] | | They could, as soon as people who police the consumptino of adult content behave like adults. |
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| ▲ | miki123211 2 days ago | parent | prev [-] | | That, and hormone-filled teenagers (ab)using their parents credit cards. This is called friendly fraud, which is also the reason why some gaming items are higher risk than one would naively expect. | | |
| ▲ | MertsA 2 days ago | parent [-] | | Like when Runescape allowed you to purchase membership via a premium rate number. Lots of fraud going on back when that was a thing and a big part of why it's no longer a thing. |
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| ▲ | numpad0 2 days ago | parent | prev | next [-] | | I see random offhand unsubstantiated online comments here and there including here on HN, that 1) chargeback rates of porn, games, and digital contents are significantly lower than anything else, and 2) credit card companies already charge higher fees for porn despite that. Combined with prevalence of the suspiciously well standardized "because porn users and gamers chargeback Steam purchases way too often" canned responses, I think it's just an excuse, if not "the" excuse somewhere - like the basis for using incorrect data for internal risk modeling or something like that. | | |
| ▲ | Scaled 2 days ago | parent [-] | | I've seen the chargeback rates, they are low. Consider that most adult consumers are repeat purchasers (subscribing to their favorite artist/dev/performer). They do not want to get banned for a chargeback and lose out on content! Most adult content creators also have friendly voluntary refund policy when requested. So chargeback rates are very low in adult. Meanwhile other industries like travel have crazy high chargeback rates. This is because it is notorious for a no refund policy / locking customers into purchases months in advance... and then people just chargeback instead of accepting a consumer hostile no refund policy. So travel ends up having high chargebacks... and yet has minimal trouble getting processing. | | |
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| ▲ | quux 2 days ago | parent | prev [-] | | It's not people using stolen cards, it's people feeling shame or regret after making an intentional purchase and using chargebacks to "undo" the purchase | | |
| ▲ | chimeracoder 2 days ago | parent [-] | | > It's not people using stolen cards, it's people feeling shame or regret after making an intentional purchase and using chargebacks to "undo" the purchase If this problem were as pervasive as people keep saying it is, it would put the merchants out of business long before it would have any noticeable impact on the card brands (Visa, Mastercard) who are typically the ones actually pushing bans like these[0]. Even if the merchant is successful in winning the chargeback, they are the ones who have to pay the fees for it, which means that any business with a predictable and consistently high enough chargeback rate will just stop collecting payments long before the upstream providers care. A lot of people here don't actually understand how payment processing, risk underwriting, and chargebacks work - which is fair, because it's an arcane area of knowledge that most people don't interact with! But it means that a lot of things which sound like simple and easy explanations are actually completely off base and nonsensical. [0] I do not have knowledge of the Kickstarter situation specifically, and the article is light on primary-source details, so I am explicitly not commenting on this specific case. |
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| ▲ | ufewwetbcxs 2 days ago | parent | prev [-] | | [dead] |
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| ▲ | legitster 2 days ago | parent | prev | next [-] |
| I don't think it's so much a religious lobbying thing as it is a consent and liability thing. If you're a processor (payment or otherwise), you have to be absolutely sure there's no CP or non-consensual content on there. The penalty for even one thing to slip through is damning, and they're under extreme pressure to be the gatekeeper on all of this. That means you have to manually review everything. That means paying someone to sit through and review all sorts of... questionable... media. A lot of work was shipping this off to overseas review farms. And we occasionally hear reports on how degrading and traumatizing this kind of work can be. So for Visa, Mastercard, et al I think they are more or less chomping at the bit to just be completely out of this genre of businesses. |
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| ▲ | Scaled 2 days ago | parent [-] | | They're also attacking games and artwork -- gotta make sure those pixels consent, too. Sigh... |
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| ▲ | natbennett 2 days ago | parent | prev | next [-] |
| Article and comments are underrating the impact of reputational risk on payment processors and on Kickstarter itself, for hosting/facilitating sexual content. Some amount of adult comment is CSAM, or otherwise broadly disfavored. Some companies (Pornhub, OnlyFans) are willing to specialize in discriminating between “regular” adult content and the objectionable stuff, and they have payment processors similarly willing to specialize. Some of that specialization involves being willing to take on political exposure. Mainstream payment processors are unusually exposed to risks like “being dragged in front of Congress” — there are a lot of reasons a politician might want to put pressure on a general financial infrastructure provider. So reducing obvious ways to get embarrassingly dragged in front of Congress is rational. |
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| ▲ | iamnothere 2 days ago | parent [-] | | Thanks, this is a better summary of the situation than all the people claiming it’s chargebacks (no longer such an issue as it used to be). The problem is that activists who are laser focused on eliminating adult content watch intently for the first thing they can use against the company, and even if it violates their ToS something problematic is eventually bound to get through review. Rather than reporting it to the platform, activists then threaten the platform through intermediaries and force them to change their policies to drop adult content. | | |
| ▲ | chimeracoder 2 days ago | parent [-] | | > The problem is that activists who are laser focused on eliminating adult content watch intently for the first thing they can use against the company, and even if it violates their ToS something problematic is eventually bound to get through review. This is why Pornhub is always targeted under the pretense of "fighting CSAM" when in reality Facebook is orders of magnitude worse in terms of the prevalence of CSAM and the distribution. Exodus Cry, et. al. don't target Facebook, because they don't actually care about fighting CSAM - they are simply weaponizing that rhetoric in order to attack the the thing they really want to end (pornography, and more broadly, anything "immoral" according to a right-wing, evangelical definition of that word). |
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| ▲ | bootsmann 2 days ago | parent | prev | next [-] |
| I think Mastercard and Visa are deathly afraid of having their nice duopoly regulated more tightly (as is already done in the EU) and therefore they consequentially put in a lot of effort to steer clear of topics that would give politicians a good excuse to do so. |
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| ▲ | Xeoncross 2 days ago | parent | prev | next [-] |
| It's not religion, it's litigation and money. 1) non-consensual or illegal (CP) content could come with expensive lawsuits. 2) Adult content has higher abuse (charge-backs, fraud, etc..). |
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| ▲ | wahnfrieden 2 days ago | parent [-] | | You forgot intense lobbying efforts funded by conservative groups and billionaires. | | |
| ▲ | tt24 2 days ago | parent [-] | | Yeah I’m sure Jeff Bezos is kept awake at night by thoughts of payment processors processing adult related transactions | | |
| ▲ | wahnfrieden 2 days ago | parent [-] | | So you are ignorant to what Moms for Liberty have done and who funds them. This is public info. | | |
| ▲ | tt24 2 days ago | parent [-] | | So because a billionaire donated to this pac that means “billionaires” as a group are responsible for this? That’s like saying black people are responsible for electing Trump because >= 1 black person voted for him. | | |
| ▲ | wahnfrieden 2 days ago | parent [-] | | Your ignorance continues. Some of the billionaires fund it via intermediary organizations like Heritage Foundation. They are quite organized and not only acting as individuals. | | |
| ▲ | tt24 2 days ago | parent [-] | | How are they organized? Are you implying that all billionaires are in agreement to fund the heritage foundation? Lol | | |
| ▲ | wahnfrieden 2 days ago | parent [-] | | Heritage Foundation is one of the ways that several of them organize. It's an organization Where did I say all? Lol | | |
| ▲ | tt24 2 days ago | parent [-] | | Black people are responsible for electing trump because of the black conservative federation See how your logic makes zero sense? |
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| ▲ | felooboolooomba 2 days ago | parent | prev | next [-] |
| > why PornHub and OnlyFans are immune They're not. I highly recommend the podcast "Hot Money: who rules porn". It's about the internet "revolution" of porn, when it went from DVD to the Internet. It's very interesting and sometimes hilarious. 4 fingers are OK. 5 fingers are NOT. The payment card cartel has an unofficial list of what is and isn't OK to show. It becomes a different act when all fingers are involved and they don't want that. I kid you not. https://www.pushkin.fm/podcasts/hot-money/hot-money-who-rule... |
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| ▲ | csa 2 days ago | parent | prev | next [-] |
| > Why payment processors do it? Short answer — there are lots of chargebacks and (sometimes) fraud around this content. Vanilla payment processors don’t like high rates of chargebacks and fraud. > Also why PornHub and OnlyFans are immune to religious lobby? They use a high-risk payment processor that takes a much higher cut of each sale (basically as insurance). |
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| ▲ | iknowstuff 2 days ago | parent | prev | next [-] |
| Can’t they use some push payment methods where a qr gets scanned to send money, like venmo/cashspp? |
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| ▲ | ogurechny 2 days ago | parent | prev | next [-] |
| You seem to suppose that those businesses are really independent, only focus on goals they advertise, and exist in a vacuum. I can't even imagine how many “services” they offer to governments to keep their market shares. The non-government organisations involved in those cases are either proxies that always support local politicians, or have been deliberately created to create opaque decision making source that is outside of legal or public scrutiny. As always, the ones who decide morals for the masses are the ones you can not even criticise. Unfortunately, even if you don't have such activist group, there is always a queue of well-intentioned citizens full of dreams of getting in bed with any politician, and having their 15 minutes of fame. So one thing is to show who is the boss. Just as a slave owner who randomly kills a couple of slaves just to make others tremble in fear, US reminds others who sets the rules of international trade. The pretext is not that important. Another is to keep public in check. A citizen who says “Sonic and Mario BDSM Chamber game? Wow, so unbelievable”, and shrugs it off is a bad citizen. Good citizens must react as prescribed to any real or imagined horror stories, be attracted to sexual content in media (or outraged by it, which is the same thing), and always fear the dangers that exist “outside”. The more they do that, the more they ignore the real world around them, and rely on imaginary protections the system and its members provide. As political entertainers are interested in keeping the status quo that benefits all of them, they always choose the lowest common denominator views on such topics. It does not matter what you really think about it, it matters that you do the trick when the command is given: gasp with others, murmur with others, shake your head with others, decide that it must be stopped by existing powers with others (and therefore let them decide for you). PornHub was famously not immune to the same thing. Porn industry attacked free streaming sites to remove everything that was not actively copyrighted, and directly provided by industry. It probably cost them a lot to organise that through politicians, journalists, activists — and payment processors. Ironically, the rhetoric you might call religious was used to help porn business. |
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| ▲ | lenerdenator 2 days ago | parent | prev | next [-] |
| > Also this is why we should work to increase circulation of cryptocurrency. No stupid religious restrictions and stupid political sanctions. In order to increase circulation of cryptocurrencies, you must make it easy and secure to deal in them. The way you do that is through... political sanctions in the form of financial and banking regulations. Which are set by bodies vulnerable to religious pressures. |
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| ▲ | adamrezich 2 days ago | parent | prev | next [-] |
| This religious lobby idea you have is hardly a real thing in the way you seem to imagine it being. |
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| ▲ | lo_zamoyski 2 days ago | parent | prev | next [-] |
| I don't know the specific cause. However, as such, it is a moral issue, not a religious one per se. Pornography is abusive and incredibly damaging to individuals and society and thus the common good. It is entirely reasonable even for governments to take measures to restrict or ban the production and sale of such content. Opposition to such measures often hinges on false notions of freedom and the purpose of law. One function of law is to teach men to be free in the genuine sense, not as being able to do what thou wilt, but to be able to do what you ought. There's a reason pornography has a history as an instrument of wartime psyops. |
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| ▲ | dfxm12 2 days ago | parent | prev | next [-] |
| Practically, adult content has a lot of chargebacks. I can understand not wanting to deal with that out of the box, especially in the context of kickstarter. |
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| ▲ | chimeracoder 2 days ago | parent | prev | next [-] |
| > Why payment processors do it? Why people in America do not want to earn more money from commissions? Strong church lobby? Legal risks? I think its mostly religious groups who who are against adult content and sex, or there are other groups? The driving force is mostly a group of nonprofits and lobbying groups that are backed by right-wing, mostly-but-not-exclusively evangelicals. Over the last decade, they have successfully laundered their views into the mainstream to the point where many people don't realize how influential they have been in writing all of these laws and policies and driving them across the finish line. None of this is hidden knowledge - they've been acting out in the open for years, but people have an aversion to acknowledging it, because it's an uncomfortable truth which triggers a great deal of cognitive dissonance. |
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| ▲ | sciencejerk 2 days ago | parent [-] | | > Why people in America do not want to earn more money from commissions? It's not easy money. It's reputationally risky money, that requires EXPENSIVE moderation, defensive litigation potentially fraught with fraud and chargebacks. Follow the money. |
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| ▲ | wahnfrieden 2 days ago | parent | prev | next [-] |
| Collective Shout is behind several major campaigns. Info on its conservative lobbyist leader, their extreme views and hypocrisies: https://www.reddit.com/r/Steam/s/1FHaaaIs6T As for why they do it? Because conservative Christian lobbying is a lucrative grift: https://youtu.be/ms26YefUNds?si=3KLCj1RALES3aKDT The owner runs a for-profit speaking engagement business alongside the registered charity. Many such people get into right wing politics without necessarily holding real conviction for the causes because it’s an easy way to get lots of money. It’s kind of like the market for drill music - fans love the stories of gang violence and aura of lawlessness, so artists will exaggerate and pretend or even foment actual violence so the market buys the product they’re looking for regardless of authenticity. The fans form the artists because of what they finance. The result is a product of the fandom more than a reflection of the artists true selves, though it relies on preserving the deception of extreme authenticity. A similar American lobbyist group is Moms for Liberty. They’re funded by a billionaire and groups like the Heritage Foundation, the ones behind Project 2025. |
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| ▲ | maxk42 2 days ago | parent [-] | | And they're Australian, not American. | | |
| ▲ | chimeracoder 2 days ago | parent [-] | | Collective Shout is Australian, but there are plenty of similar groups in the US , UK, and Europe. |
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