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▲ Lovable apps expose passport details and more than 200K private messages(crissyfield.de)
264 points by armcat 2 hours ago | 78 comments
▲neathack an hour ago | parent | next [-]

Hi, I’m the author of this blog post. I submitted it to HN two weeks ago, but it didn’t gain much traction, so I’m glad to see it resubmitted. Happy to answer any questions, though I think the situation is fairly self-explanatory.

▲lysace an hour ago | parent [-]

How many of the 159k analyzed sites leaked private data?

▲neathack an hour ago | parent [-]

From the blog post:

  Using datasets from the open web archive Common Crawl,
  we identified and analyzed 159,041 Lovable projects from
  December 2025 to September 2026. Of these, 34,545 used
  Supabase.
  
  24,664 websites sent database records from Supabase as
  soon as they loaded, without requiring a login or any
  other interaction. That alone is not a security issue:
  the data may be intended for public display. But by
  making additional read-only requests, we were able to
  retrieve more database content. We found records
  containing email addresses in 10,560 tables across 7,403
  of the 24,664 websites (30%).
What isn’t mentioned in the analysis is that we ran a System 1 decision model on each dataset to determine whether it contained privacy-sensitive data. Using a confidence threshold of 85%, we found that nearly 4,000 websites leaked such information.

Edit: That's 15,9% of all Lovable websites that use Supabase.

▲jacquesm 34 minutes ago | parent | next [-]

Don't you think you should have reported this after you established the principle rather than to download more than you needed to do so? Because it looks to me as though you went from 'white hat hacker' to 'quite probably criminal' without a really good reason.

▲neathack 13 minutes ago | parent | next [-]

I should also mention that the analysis was conducted in collaboration with a lawyer specializing in data protection and ethical hacking.

▲jacquesm 9 minutes ago | parent [-]

That's an important bit of information that probably should make it into the blog, and I hope you guys made the right call, but I think that that is probably not the case. Best of luck.

oh: "What isn’t mentioned in the analysis is that we ran a System 1 decision model on each dataset to determine whether it contained privacy-sensitive data."

I hope at least that that was a local model. If not you've made things considerably worse.

▲neathack 30 minutes ago | parent | prev | next [-]

What do you mean? This has been disclosed to, and the full dataset has been shared with, Lovable.

▲jacquesm 25 minutes ago | parent [-]

What I mean is: you knew it worked before you went and pulled more data, you could have stopped after the first two records, why pull more than you needed to prove that it was possible?

▲neathack 16 minutes ago | parent [-]

We retrieved only enough data to determine whether it was privacy-sensitive, which could not be reliably assessed from just two records. We did not download any more than that.

Supabase tables also use pagination, and we never downloaded more than the first page.

▲jacquesm 14 minutes ago | parent [-]

You probably should not have done that. It's one thing to determine that a hole exists, an entirely different one to exploit it to the point that you can do damage assessment on the target.

▲coldtea 3 minutes ago | parent [-]

Would you prefer someone that didn't intent to report but to exploit the data downloaded everything and the company and you knew fuck all about it?

▲jacquesm 3 minutes ago | parent [-]

That's not the only choice available.

▲logotype 19 minutes ago | parent | prev [-]

Need to know the full blast radius and severity...

▲jacquesm 15 minutes ago | parent [-]

Bullshit. That's not for the 'whitehat' to determine.

"We found records containing email addresses in 10,560 tables across 7,403 of the 24,664 websites (30%)"

You can't know that without pulling the data.

▲lysace an hour ago | parent | prev [-]

Thanks! So ~2.5%.

▲Oras an hour ago | parent | prev | next [-]

One might argue that data breaches been there way before AI, the difference with these AI generated apps is:

- They are an easy target, they don’t need any sophisticated hacking knowledge (article mentions inspecting network calls in browsers).

- There tons of those, and more created everyday. For the average user, they don’t know what they are using, or how risky it can be.

▲neathack an hour ago | parent [-]

I can confirm that no advanced hacking techniques were used, and anyone with a moderate understanding of how the web works will be able to reproduce the results.

The initial idea behind the analysis was to start with the most basic setup and then move on to more sophisticated attacks. We never reached that second part, as so much sensitive data was already out in the open.

▲SOLAR_FIELDS 35 minutes ago | parent | prev | next [-]

The part people are ignoring is Supabase's culpability in this matter: https://github.com/orgs/supabase/discussions/4547

This was supposedly fixed on October 30, but there are reports floating around that for existing projects, the defaults still apply.

Lovable deserves some heat for using this, but this was a choice that was made by Supabase many years ago to support making it easier to onboard potential customers, a deliberate tradeoff of less onboarding pain for less security.

▲neathack 23 minutes ago | parent [-]

While we’re at it, I was quite surprised to discover that Supabase leaks schema information through the `hint` field in error messages:

https://docs.postgrest.org/en/latest/references/errors.html

For example, if you try to access a table named "secret" that doesn’t exist, Supabase might return a hint saying, "Perhaps you meant the table 'public.super_secret'."

Thanks for volunteering that information, I guess.

▲guestlistplus10 2 hours ago | parent | prev | next [-]

Railway got hit by pretty much this a few days ago. Attacker likely used abliterated models, stolen keys, ~$740k in AI charges. If it happens to them, random Lovable apps are easy targets.

▲adverbly an hour ago | parent | prev | next [-]

It's incredible how little understanding the average person has about data, privacy, and security.

Allowing anyone to build and host a public app without a basic understanding of these things is like letting people fly a passenger plane without a license.

▲cheschire an hour ago | parent | next [-]

Those are not even remotely equivalent costs.

▲heartbreak 17 minutes ago | parent [-]

You’re right, only if the person building the application is using sound judgement, which goes against the premise.

You and I wouldn’t build applications naively that could lead to people dying. People who don’t understand what they’re building might.

People are vibe coding at your hospital. They’re vibe coding at your utility company. They’re vibe coding at your pharma lab. I’ve met these people. They’re smart. They have phds. I tell them about SSL.

▲JumpCrisscross 14 minutes ago | parent [-]

Nobody is dying from this leak.

▲hdjrudni 4 minutes ago | parent [-]

I'm sure some people are having their lives turned upside down by these data breaches.

▲gjvc 19 minutes ago | parent | prev | next [-]

It's incredible how little understanding the average person has about plumbing, heating, and electricity.

▲TeMPOraL an hour ago | parent | prev | next [-]

> Allowing anyone to build and host a public app without a basic understanding of these things is like letting people fly a passenger plane without a license

Is it now? How many hundreds of people have died as a result? How much infrastructure was destroyed?

I get the point you're trying to make, but computer security as a field has already a big problem with maximalist mindset, and it doesn't help in keeping systems of consequence actually secure and people safe from danger.

▲vincnetas an hour ago | parent | prev [-]

careful what you wish for. do you want outlaw teenagers of playing with computers until they get government issued web license?

▲easterncalculus 34 minutes ago | parent [-]

If that user is European the answer is almost definitely a 100% serious yes.

▲mns 32 minutes ago | parent [-]

After dryers and AC, the EU is coming for your websites!!!

▲YuechenLi 23 minutes ago | parent | prev | next [-]

One of the golden rule of webdev is "never build your own auth" for a reason.

To me, it feels like Lovable is an irresponsible product selling the idea that web development is trivial now with LLMs, where the reality is that although it's true that agentic coding means while anybody can spin up a website in like 10 minutes, a professional software engineer who knows what they are doing can still utilize LLMs much more effectively than an amateur ever could.

▲fabian2k 18 minutes ago | parent | next [-]

I don't see any indication in the post that these cases involved someone writing their own authentication code. This is about authorization mistakes, or the lack of any authorization. And that part you have to write yourself in some way (even if you use libraries), someone has to define the rules about which data is accessible under which rules. Using a pre-made library won't save you from defining those rules wrong.

To me only hard rule like this is to never implement your own cryptographic code. A decent developer can easily implement simple session-based authentication safely, or at least I'd suspect the chance of mistakes is no higher than this developer misconfiguring a much more complex library for authentication.

▲hdjrudni 8 minutes ago | parent [-]

I've started putting OIDC auth in front of my app (at the gateway level) so that no matter how badly my LLM botches the app, requests can't get through.

This only really works with 1-person apps though. If you need multiple users then you have to match the login with specific database records to make sure you're only exposing the right stuff.

I guess that is to say, even if your authentication is great, you can still botch the authorization.

▲dudus 5 minutes ago | parent | prev | next [-]

That's not the problem here. Lovable uses the Supabase Auth layer; they just have their own interface on top of it.

Supabase is kind of similar to Firebase in that you usually communicate directly with the browser through a JavaScript lib. So you need to pay close attention to the security rules (RLS policy in Supabase's case) to restrict data per row based on the user auth.

It's easy to get it wrong; that's why so many Firebase and Supabase databases end up exposed. The platforms have improved the UX so that it's not so common anymore, but it's definitely a gun that's easy to shoot yourself with.

You don't have to expose it like that. You can disable that client and use a server to communicate with the database, which reduces the exposed surface in exchange for complexity (by even having a backend at all).

Mix that design with users with zero tech background who know nothing about systems design and LLMs, and you have a recipe for disaster.

We use Lovable as a prototyping tool and then eject it, review, and deploy on a different platform. It works great for that use case.

▲meerita 14 minutes ago | parent | prev [-]

Where is that rule written? You can build a really solid auth system, if you follow the rules. Also, what kind of auth method are you mentioning?

▲raizer88 11 minutes ago | parent [-]

The thing is that in auth (like in cryptography) the rulebook is 2000 pages and there is an annotation book of another 2000. If you miss one page, the llm doesn't and will open you like a tuna can.

▲berkes 28 minutes ago | parent | prev | next [-]

Seeing as this is reported by a German organisation about a Swedish company: has this been filed with the authorities under the GDPR? Any details on whether (national) data protection authorities have picked it up and warned the companies and people in violation?

▲rNULLED an hour ago | parent | prev | next [-]

makes me wonder if Retool’s governance focused message is valid

▲hn_throwaway_99 an hour ago | parent | prev | next [-]

Folks are blaming AI, and that's certainly part of it (folks without knowledge and experience can now build polished apps, though there were still plenty of "WTF" security breaches before AI), but I feel like the only thing that can fix this are real, stiff liability consequences.

The defects listed in this report didn't require some complicated 0-day exploit chain - they were just sensitive data stored without any authentication at all, in a database that anyone with Internet access can view. In other words, it would be the equivalent of a company like Public Storage leaving all of its storage units with no locks on them at all.

Affected users should be able to sue for a lot in these basic security failures. And obviously for many of these small websites, the potential damages would quickly bankrupt the site owners, but that's the point. People would think a lot more carefully about how they protect sensitive data if there were real negative consequences for their failures.

▲neathack 40 minutes ago | parent | next [-]

I agree that AI is not necessarily at the core of the problem.

To me, the issue is Lovable’s borderline reckless marketing: repeatedly claiming that “everyone” can build a website “without any technical knowledge” (verbatim from their website), while disclaiming all liability for bugs in their terms and placing responsibility for security on their customers.

Customers who hear day in, day out that “software is solved” and buy into Lovable’s narrative may simply have no idea that they could face substantial fines for privacy violations.

▲berkes 31 minutes ago | parent | prev [-]

EU citizens can sue. It's not easy in every EU country, and ot differs whether you will be compensated.

But in all cases, under GDPR, the one having the data breach is required to act. If they fail, there's steep fines, often proportional to your revenue. It will hurt the business.

E.g. here's what a ditch citizen can do and expect https://www.autoriteitpersoonsgegevens.nl/en/themes/security...

▲neathack 5 minutes ago | parent [-]

The tricky thing is: It's not Lovable that can be sued.

▲birdsongs 2 hours ago | parent | prev | next [-]

I can't state my disdain enough for the rabid, careless advancement of AI, and all the bros that keep telling me to catch up or fall behind, while they are actively causing harm to the hundreds of thousands, or millions of users they have, without care or consideration.

Nearly two decades of experience learning how to build safe, performant software, to be replaced by this shit.

We don't care about people, our customers anymore. We actively harm them for profit. This is such a garbage industry now.

▲andrew_lettuce 2 hours ago | parent | next [-]

I am interviewing with a small company that has adopted agentic development in a big way and is looking for a vp of engineering to guide things. I tried to present a balanced view of excitement for the possibilities built on first solving governance, guardrails and mitigating the lethal trifecta. Senior executives are not interested and my position likely disqualified me, even after I talked about needing to speak to your client data governance teams and CISOs. Crickets. They actually said we're looking for someone who's a big AI booster. Bullet dodged.

▲jacquesm a few seconds ago | parent | next [-]

A lot of CTOs should be looking into D&O insurance.

▲barrenko an hour ago | parent | prev | next [-]

When the Republic gains in strength, the Jedi go hiding in the desert.

▲gedy an hour ago | parent | prev [-]

They sound like a team looking to get funding or sell out and need the AI sauce to sweeten the deal, not deal with messy real business needs.

▲sky2224 38 minutes ago | parent | prev | next [-]

My perspective is to figure out how to shape the way we use AI to show the right way to use it. This comes from a place of caring about the software and its users.

I strongly believe that when used properly, AI can remove a lot of overhead that comes with writing the code (from both a critical thinking standpoint and physically it actually takes a lot more time than people realize to manually type code). You can focus on the design and have your team much more integrated in the designs and specifications of things without it being a slog to document the damn thing.

If I can go off and write up a draft and get feedback from my team in a day instead of in a week, I think that's fine. We can collectively walk through and use everyone's domain knowledge to correct details. Once everyone is onboard with the spec, I can feed that into a model to progressively do small changes rapidly but in such a way that's still manageable and reviewable for myself and the rest of my team.

If I go off and merge 45000 lines of code into main: fucking fire me and my whole team that approved that.

As with all new things that have extreme views on either side (AI is complete shit versus AI is the second coming of Christ in this case), there's generally a middle ground in between that we can collectively correct toward.

▲gandhiandy69 44 minutes ago | parent | prev | next [-]

Well the customer also shouldn’t trust anyone, especially not with handling their private data.

▲rwmj 28 minutes ago | parent | next [-]

How can the customer know?

▲birdsongs 25 minutes ago | parent | prev [-]

Bad take. That's impossible in our society. I wouldn't get updates from my child's kindergarten. I wouldn't be able to use public transit. I can't access my bank. I can't communicate with my family, friends, spouse, work network.

We don't have an option. Which is why a lack of care for users is abhorrent.

▲tortasaur an hour ago | parent | prev | next [-]

The idea that companies invested in "safe, performant software" before AI is laughable. Tech companies have never cared about the customers beyond their effect on KPIs.

▲JDups an hour ago | parent | next [-]

Companies never cared, and most engineers didn't care much either, at least not directly. But a lot still cared to cover their ass and try to do things correctly the first time to reduce future work and headaches. Now that it's all just a few prompts away "Who cares? Ship it now, if it's broken we'll just have Claude fix it later."

▲jeppester 25 minutes ago | parent | prev | next [-]

In the past the price of caring was that you were slightly slower, but it would be obvious that the delivered quality was better.

Now you'll be at least 50% slower and likely fired if you care, because caring means understanding the code.

▲uvdn7 an hour ago | parent | prev [-]

But people care. A self respecting engineer cares.

▲hk__2 an hour ago | parent | next [-]

Self respecting engineers care also in the age of AI.

▲tortasaur an hour ago | parent | prev | next [-]

Sure, but the parent said "this is such a garbage industry now", implying it was not this way before LLMs. The individuals who care about quality can still pursue quality. In fact, they are better equipped to create quality software than ever. It's a matter of spending time and attention.

The underlying problem is that quality isn't profitable. It goes beyond tech. The companies that cared about quality had their lunch eaten by the companies that chased razor-thin margins and produced disposable junk. I'm not sure what it is about AI that makes everyone forget what the world was like five years ago.

▲birdsongs an hour ago | parent [-]

While better equipped for security with frontier models (and I agree with that) I don't know any engineers in my circle that have the time to utilise it. Half of them are laid off, by the way.

The rest, including me, are supposed to take up the slack with ridiculous deadlines and pressure. I don't have time anymore. I have to trust that my prompt and testing descriptions and harness will take care of it. And I have no clue whether that's truly happening, because I have another ticket before I get time to review, or send some swarm of test/probe agents at it. And right now I don't trust it. (Literally look at the parent article?)

I did have that time and capacity in the past. Maybe you didn't. But the landscape is, to me, objectively different now.

▲tortasaur 24 minutes ago | parent [-]

I fully agree that tech workers have never been less empowered. When I said that individuals have never been better equipped to pursue quality, I meant within projects they control. There will likely never be agency again at a large company.

We're on the same page about most of this, but my perspective differs in a couple of ways: - I have worked at companies that didn't prioritize quality and had unreasonable deadlines for most of my career. It's the default state of corporations with leverage over their workers. - This was getting worse before AI. Big tech was the anomaly in terms of pay, perks, benefits, etc, and they were already jointly deciding not to do that anymore around the time of Musk's Twitter layoffs. The main reason they had offered such a compelling environment was to prevent talented people from being hired by their competition, in which case they were perfectly happy to let them "play around" and focus on quality.

I find it frustrating when people imply that employment was an idyllic wonderland before AI ruined everything. AI is another step, potentially the final step, in boiling the middle class. It didn't invent poor working conditions, it brought tech workers down closer to everyone else's level.

The best move right now is to move to a small startup or start something on your own. I fully understand that this is easier said than done, when you have bills to pay and deadlines keep you too exhausted to escape. To some extent, that's probably part of why the deadlines exist.

▲birdsongs an hour ago | parent | prev [-]

Exactly. I cared, and the amazing engineers that taught me cared. We didn't have KPIs in 2008, we had code reviews and mean senior engineers (that were secretly kind) that would tear your code apart and send you back until you got it right.

And we were allowed to? I raised so many tickets over time that had no real business impact beyond "this is a security risk" and nearly all of them I was allowed to adress.

Maybe that makes me some kind of tech-boomer, like people responding to me are implying, but I don't really give a shit.

▲anonym29 an hour ago | parent | prev | next [-]

>I can't state my disdain enough for the rabid, careless advancement of AI, and all the bros that keep telling me to catch up or fall behind, while they are actively causing harm to the hundreds of thousands, or millions of users they have, without care or consideration.

Have you ever considered that the people who are pro-AI are not a monolith, and that it can be simultaneously true that you should absolutely be learning how to effectively and safely use LLMs in engineering workflows, while it is also true that there are people who are using them very unsafely?

Beig opposed to learning how to use AI correctly because some people use it recklessly is like being opposed to learning AWS in 2015 because some people left sensitive data in open S3 buckets.

Do not confuse negligent misuse of the tool for the value proposition of the tool itself.

▲birdsongs an hour ago | parent [-]

Re-read my post before quoting it and getting defensive. I'm not anti-AI, I use Claude daily, partly because that's all the industry is now, partly because it can be an amazing tool.

I'm furious about slop-shovelling profit-driven development that actively causes harm to people. And the lack of care for, or outright disdain of customers, specifically fuelled by a misuse of AI, and the people telling me to get used to this, the people telling me to stop reading my own PRs, the people telling me this is just how it is now. When we all know that doesn't have to be true.

▲fph 2 hours ago | parent | prev | next [-]

It's surprising how different the standards are between software engineering and all other kinds of engineering, for instance civil or mechanic.

The old joke was "If builders built buildings the way programmers wrote programs, then the first woodpecker that came along would destroy civilization", but in the AI era it feels like a butterfly would be enough.

▲anonym29 an hour ago | parent [-]

Counterpoint: if programmers wrote programs the way structural engineers designed buildings, ecommerce apps would take half a decade to build and the software industry would have just gotten around to inventing Windows Vista and jQuery in the last year or so.

▲birdsongs an hour ago | parent | next [-]

Maybe that's okay.

▲swatcoder an hour ago | parent | prev | next [-]

If you're saying e-commerce would simply be consistent and secure product catalogs with fewer promotional and tracking dark patterns, web scripting would rely on a and extensible and functional library for manipulating markup documents, and a stable OS kernel with few dark patterns and no cloud accounts, many of us would be sold in a heartbeat.

I don't think you're making the counterpoint you mean to be.

▲anonym29 20 minutes ago | parent [-]

Don't be naïve - the industry wouldn't be any less laden with surveillance crapitalism; the presence of that isn't a product of the pace of development, it is a product of the nature of consumers to eagerly suffer limitless abuse so long as the product "just werks", looks/feels polished, and doesn't require any kind of learning or discomfort.

Freedom from everything you enumerated already exists for anyone who cares enough to pursue it - robust ad and script blockers, operating systems with no coercion or user hostility, simple and stable scripting languages. They're not as polished as the products of manipulative and extractive abusers like Microsoft, Google, Apple, Discord, et al., and accordingly, users shun them, for the reason I explained above.

▲dawnerd an hour ago | parent | prev [-]

Hmmm but that software would also last a century so… your point? Moving fast and building unstable software isn’t really that great.

▲Betelbuddy an hour ago | parent | prev | next [-]

You won’t lose your job to AI...but to someone using AI...and they will lose everything...to someone who knows cybersecurity.

▲kpil an hour ago | parent [-]

I think this more or less sums it up.

Interesting times.

Regarding losing jobs - what I hope will keep me employed: opiniated creativity and common sense. Not sure if I'm right.

▲r_lee an hour ago | parent [-]

if those are the reasons... I'd feel very uneasy

▲Rendello 2 hours ago | parent | prev [-]

These past few years, it feels as though the brake pedal has been replaced with another gas pedal.

▲rvz 2 hours ago | parent | prev [-]

Nothing to see here and working as intended.

Imagine frontier abliterated models running at 2,400 TPS finding all these issues rapidly on web apps like this.

You are not ready security-wise when these models get faster. ("Formal verification" won't save you either)

▲nicce an hour ago | parent | next [-]

Nothing saves if human is completely out of the loop

▲swatcoder 2 hours ago | parent | prev [-]

Or just the natural consequence of adopting "move fast and break things" from top to bottom for 20 years, a house-of-cards methodology that was destined to fall in on itself whether or not such models ever arrived.

Formal verification doesn't solve all the problems, but alongside concerns like correctness, restrained surface area, supply chain awareness, treating PII as toxic waste to avoid rathee than treasure to collect can leave projects/orgs in a much better place than they let themselves get too.

Long way to go from here though.

▲hnav an hour ago | parent [-]

This is one of the reasons anthropic nerfs their models. They want you to have an enterprise contract with some spend before they’ll allow you a couple of seats on cyber models, which you need since attackers are much more nimble with ablated open weights models.

▲neathack an hour ago | parent | next [-]

As a side note to the "nerfing", I worked with a journalist on the analysis, and she wasn’t comfortable running `curl` on the command line. So she asked the AI to do it -- but it refused, citing concerns about cyber abuse.

On the one hand, that’s kind of encouraging. On the other, it feels like the unskippable “don’t copy this movie” warning on a legally purchased DVD -- the one that gets removed from pirated versions.

It seems to punish the wrong people.

▲tehjoker an hour ago | parent | prev [-]

The ultimate capitalist model, create a never before experienced problem and sell the solution on a never ending subscription. Progress!