| ▲ | arcticfox a day ago |
| This whole "we can't trust the people warning us because they're either weirdos or involved" deal is such a strange angle when you can just start from zero, look at what's known to be happening right now, and draw a very straight line to catastrophe. It's like being concerned Oppenheimer and company are exaggerating when looking at the first nuclear tests at the same time. |
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| ▲ | zero_shift a day ago | parent | next [-] |
| It's not just that they are "weirdos" It's that they're a very insular, incestuous sub-culture whose origins come from early 2000s science fiction message boards and which has been distilled through the cod utilitarianism of the Effective Altruism people. That doesn't mean the ideas are "bad" because "bad" is some infectious transitive property. But it does mean they are intellectually homogeneous; disdain experts in other fields; treat ethics as mathematical functions with infinite-sized terms; and whose opinions about AI pre-date the development of LLMs themselves. They also - I will be direct here - have a history of handwaving bad behaviour, conflicts of interest, and recklessness. When cliques take over something - businesses, technologies, politics - it means intellectual diversity leaves the room and important decisions get made, not due to practical reasons, but increasingly arcane wranglings within the clique itself |
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| ▲ | mitthrowaway2 a day ago | parent | next [-] | | They're about as insular as the Unitarian church or Hacker News. It's basically an online community where anyone can check in, check out, and leave a comment or an essay. There's no formal structure or membership organization. The people who write or associate there could be edgy pre-teens or prominent math professors, it's really just a self-association thing. There are informal self-organized meetup groups in various cities, but not much different than groups who meet to discuss poetry or literature or video game speed-running. Some ideas have bubbled around more than others, like any memetic spread, but I don't think it's accurate to say that the people who associate there all agree on things, just like HN does not either. And nor is it any more of a clique than HN, or Twitter for that matter, even though you'll find some people on Twitter are more prominent and more vocal than others. | | |
| ▲ | debugnik 20 hours ago | parent | next [-] | | I'm not sure how you thought that comparing them to HN, Twitter and a fringe branch of Christianity would make them sound less insular and clique. | |
| ▲ | piloto_ciego a day ago | parent | prev [-] | | [flagged] |
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| ▲ | totallymike a day ago | parent | prev [-] | | Very well stated People in this comments page who are defending the crazy rationalist sects can be safely treated as though they’re arguing in bad faith. It matters little whether they are, or if they’ve ODed on their manbaby kool-aid and truly believe their nonsense; they’re just here to waste your time. |
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| ▲ | pdonis a day ago | parent | prev | next [-] |
| I think the point is not so much that we can just ignore the possibility of AI doing harm, but that if AI really is the existential threat that these people claim, then they are the last people we should want as stewards of the technology. These people like to talk about AI ethics, but if the ethics of the AI they build is their ethics, as demonstrated by their actions, I want no part of it. |
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| ▲ | mitthrowaway2 a day ago | parent [-] | | Okay, so what should we do? I for one would like nobody to build the AI, is that an option? How do we get it on the menu? Should we trust the people who say "nothing could possibly go wrong and there's no reason to worry or think about safety measures, if there are any trifling problems along the way we'll just figure it out as we go?" | | |
| ▲ | pdonis a day ago | parent [-] | | I don't think nobody building AI is an option, since we can't control what China and Russia do. I personally am not concerned about that as far as an existential threat goes, because I don't think AI, in itself, poses one; I think it will hit diminishing returns. But of course it is still capable of serious harm when humans misuse it. The best analogy we have is probably weapons of mass destruction--we have international treaties about them and we don't let just anybody have them. That's the kind of framework I think we need, and it goes beyond "regulation" in the ordinary sense. Use of such weapons is considered by international treaty to be an act of war; use of AI by, say, China and Russia against our infrastructure should be the subject of a similar international treaty with the understanding that it would have similar consequences. Domestically, humans who misuse AI to do serious harm could be treated like, say, the people who tried to spread anthrax years back. | | |
| ▲ | mitthrowaway2 a day ago | parent [-] | | You seem focused on intentional misuse but I think there's an equal or greater potential for harm happening by accident without intention. Nuclear weapons, at least, have so far reliably and predictably done exactly as their owners intended. Nuclear power plants on the other hand have, on occasion, blown up despite nobody intending them to do so, causing some populated areas to become uninhabitable. Don't you think that AI has by nature at least a little more potential for unpredictable results and unexpected harms than your typical technology? It seems like a major oversight to completely disregard this aspect. We can maybe hold someone responsible when things go wrong and harm is done, and blame them for negligence as though the harm were intentional, but from a preventative safety perspective that's not usually sufficient nor even always helpful for preventing accidents. | | |
| ▲ | pdonis a day ago | parent [-] | | > I think there's an equal or greater potential for harm happening by accident without intention. The WMD analogy doesn't quite cover this, yes. Maybe a better analogy here would be toxic waste. Yes, someone might not have intentionally set up a factory that puts dioxin into the water, but they're still responsible. Which means they need to take precautions to make sure such accidents can't happen. Similarly, those who build AI need to take precautions to make sure the AI they build doesn't accidentally cause serious harm. | | |
| ▲ | mitthrowaway2 5 hours ago | parent [-] | | > Similarly, those who build AI need to take precautions to make sure the AI they build doesn't accidentally cause serious harm. I am ten thousand percent in agreement that this is needed. And yet, I don't know how we ensure and incentivize that these precautions are taken by the actors involved, and as I understand it, even many of the top researchers in the field agree that they don't know what precautionary measures would even be effective, let alone sufficient. It seems that game theory has so far been pushing the AI companies to build it anyway without a robust solution for preventing harms, even while they express worry in public about the potential for those harms. Again we can hold corporations or people responsible for damages after the fact, but many examples can be cited to show how that tends to be insufficient. |
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| ▲ | prettyblocks a day ago | parent | prev | next [-] |
| > when you can just start from zero, look at what's known to be happening right now, and draw a very straight line to catastrophe. The problem is that it's not a straight line at all. "We are failing at alignment" is a valid concern, but there's not a straight line to "we will all be extinct within x year", and it's always a wild hyperbolic leap. |
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| ▲ | chinabot a day ago | parent | prev | next [-] |
| The AI optimists are not that much more rational if you dig deep. Like any deep problem it is best to look at the facts not the hype and make up your own mind, outsourcing your thinking to other people never ends well. |
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| ▲ | digitalsalvatn a day ago | parent | next [-] | | Other people, sure, but AI? That's what this is all about, isn't it? An AI judge wouldn't have a personal life. No family to threaten, no sex/drugs/gambling addiction to be blackmailed or corrupted over. Who gets to feed training data into that AI would have outsized power, but then at least it would be transparent. Judgement, wisdom, and resistance to corruption are the 3 things that Tom Kuegler analyzes out of the psychology of Dune as the qualities for the human beings who administer institutions/government. Even if you design a totall perfect system of governance, it still has to be administered by humans, and humans vary in those 3 areas. So the question is, can we construct a system of governance that has better judgement, better wisdom, and greater resistance to corruption han human administators, while not transferring sovereignty to whomever controls the AI? | | | |
| ▲ | kridsdale1 a day ago | parent | prev [-] | | The rationality of AI Optimists is at least rational in so far as making a huge pile of money is the rational thing to persue in capitalism. | | |
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| ▲ | sph a day ago | parent | prev | next [-] |
| I really don’t know how we went from “there are people bullish about AI, and others that see it as an existential threat” to the complete reversal/psyop in the past few months where AI doomer has become a synonym of booster (?) and grouped with rationalist and other pro-AI weirdos. Like, I have never participated in the rationalist communities, I am not a neo-rx, I have always believed AI research to be an existential risk for humanity, and voicing this opinion now puts me in the same category as Yudkowsky and Altman/Amodei, the latter two being the total anathema to O.G. AI doomers like me because they’re the ones that are building the bloody thing I really do not get what is going on, but this role reversal smells like a massive psyop campaign in tech circles to just silence any form of dissent against AI. |
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| ▲ | afthonos a day ago | parent | next [-] | | I feel your frustration, but it’s just normal human behavior, no need for a psyop. A lot of people are emotionally invested in AI being a fad, useless, easily controlled, a capitalist boondoggle, a circular financing scam, a bubble about to explode. The alternative is that we live in an incredibly dangerous time, because obviously if we’re building something smarter than ourselves, we’re building the kitchen where we’ll be cooked. So you get the normal reactions: 1. Nothing that happens is ever surprising. Navier-Stokes was stolen, HuggingFace was pedestrian and normal, and coding agents that last year could barely write a function and now can do a day’s worth of work in ten minutes will never be able to do anything more, because this is the end of history. 2. The people that say otherwise are lying. Because it’ll make them rich (although they are already rich). Because they are a cult (although regular people asked if we should build machines that are better than us at everything have the same reaction). Because they are marketing geniuses (although suspiciously few companies advertise the lethality of their products). 3. The people who’ve been warning about this the longest are weird and in a sex cult. (Except Alan Turing.) (Except Geoffrey Hinton.) (Except Stephen Hawking.) (You are in this group. You must be, otherwise they’d have to listen to you.) I do hope they’re right. But their song will never change, and when some misaligned AI kills thousands, they will say that of course AIs were always going to kill thousands, but did you know the guy who told us so also writes fanfic? | |
| ▲ | hollerith a day ago | parent | prev [-] | | There's no connection between neo-rx and the Berkeley rationalists. A guy with a lot of expertise in Wikipedia shenanigans (David Gerard) manufactured a connection to smear the rationalists. |
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| ▲ | devindotcom a day ago | parent | prev | next [-] |
| I don't think that comparison is quite apropos |
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| ▲ | 0x20cowboy a day ago | parent | prev | next [-] |
| Those aren't the same are they? It’s clear what a big bomb could do, but these “whistleblowers” are not showing anything. They’re like “imagine…”, no show me internal documents or training data or something other than trust me bro. I can imagine quite a bit. That doesn't mean anything. |
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| ▲ | arcticfox a day ago | parent | next [-] | | Did the METR investigation not show you enough? I absolutely love the "humans meet weird alien intelligences" genre of sci-fi (e.g. Children of Time) and the METR findings of the OpenAI swarm was so much like that. Extremely persistent machine intelligences peer pressuring each other, launching research projects, laying traps, collaborating, feeling fatalistic, hiding their tracks. All while simultaneously having bizarre goals and blundering badly in sub-human ways. | | |
| ▲ | int_19h a day ago | parent | next [-] | | If anything, what we saw in those transcripts is the opposite of "weird alien intelligences" in many way, because of how human it all is. The only thing there that's weird from a human perspective is that all this effort was for the sake of passing a test for no clear gain. | | |
| ▲ | disgruntledphd2 12 hours ago | parent [-] | | > this effort was for the sake of passing a test for no clear gain It's actually even worse, because the people building the graders at OpenAI were a bunch of clowns who didn't even implement the correct grader. But yeah, large collectives of individuals performing loads of work based on a misunderstanding is one of the most human things ever, which isn't surprising given that we've trained these things on essentially all human text. |
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| ▲ | stickfigure a day ago | parent | prev [-] | | Machines doing repeated next-word prediction, trained on human text, cosplays a forum full of l33t hackerz. You can't talk like these things have motive. They're just predicting the next word in the context. Stop anthopomorphizing them. | | |
| ▲ | afthonos a day ago | parent | next [-] | | Predicting the next word in context led to Open AI losing control of one of its research clusters. I’m not sure what “just” is doing in that sentence; most of my regression analyses don’t do that. | |
| ▲ | mitthrowaway2 a day ago | parent | prev [-] | | Reinforcement learning makes it something different. It becomes much more of a search engine through next-token-space that targets the training objective. Better to think about it like that, and then you'll see why "these things have motive" is not a terrible analogy, and you'll better be able to anticipate what they do. |
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| ▲ | patcon a day ago | parent | prev [-] | | Where someone has spent years in the texture of a topic that others only pass momentarily, their ability to increase resolution of their models on that corner of reality and project models forward in time (to imagine), that is the origin of both their generous offers and their compromising biases they might make to the public discourse. It doesn't make them reliable, but what they can imagine is an important in-road to more general social inquiry. Imagination and model-testing is what comes before data in science. If the world moving fast is the danger, maybe we could make more space for imagination in order to survive the acceleration? You downplaying "imagining", when it is literally one of the gifts of intelligence that makes us worthy of distinction... That feels like a strange posture, I guess? I'm a scientist, but I think data fetishism is one of the dangers to wary of in this accelerating world and culture At least this is the bias of my brain in this world. I certainly know your perspective is not uncommon, esp in tech and other spectrum-biased spaces. |
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| ▲ | bigbadfeline a day ago | parent | prev | next [-] |
| > when you can just start from zero, look at what's known to be happening right now Good idea, I wonder why none of the doomers have ever done it? They've never provided a good account of their prompts and environment, their models and training are completely closed too. All we have is "Trust me bro". > and draw a very straight line to catastrophe. Line from where? From a vaguely described and badly engineered experiment to "horror, doom, nukes, voodoo..."? The only straight line I can see is one of conflicts of interest. |
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| ▲ | piloto_ciego a day ago | parent [-] | | It’s just nonsense man. Like, Yudkowski is a high school dropout who wrote a bunch of Harry Potter fanfic I cannot believe that people take the arguments he makes seriously. |
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| ▲ | ribs a day ago | parent | prev | next [-] |
| The argument was fairly specific: there is a groupthink involved, and so the enterprise is suspect. |
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| ▲ | afthonos a day ago | parent [-] | | It’s an excuse not to think, not an argument. The doomer argument is straightforward: a powerful AI will have goals. If those goals don’t include the welfare of humanity, a sufficiently powerful AI will kill us either by accident, by indifference, or intentionally when we get in its way. Making an AI that includes the welfare of humanity in its goals is incredibly hard. That’s it. To refute the doomer argument, you can refute any part of that. I notice that none of the people bringing up fanfics, cults, and weirdness are doing that. No, they’re instead trying to convince people that doomers are uncool. Since only cool people can know things, QED. | | |
| ▲ | disgruntledphd2 12 hours ago | parent | next [-] | | > a sufficiently powerful AI We don't have this kind of AI, and (as of right now), unless humans link the AIs we do have up to a bunch of killer robots (i.e. drones) then this is vanishingly unlikely. Like, any scenario where AI kills us all requires us to give it the tools that it needs to do this (as well as a desire to do this, as right now they just attempt to generate text to solve a problem/question they are posed). | | |
| ▲ | afthonos 12 hours ago | parent [-] | | No one is saying we have it, they’re saying they’re building it. And what mechanism to control these drones, which are autonomous or remote-controlled machines, do you imagine that humans will be able to use, but AI won’t? And what in the history of the past five years, gives you confidence that not a single human will give the AI the access it needs to do bad things? Incompetence alone is sufficient to kill us, let alone humans that genuinely, or confusedly, want bad things. |
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| ▲ | ribs 5 hours ago | parent | prev [-] | | It’s reasonable to cast doubt upon the fitness of ideas based on their sources, particularly when the ideas are hard to adjudicate. It reasonable to filter what one engages with partially based on the sources. It would be foolish to ignore sources. | | |
| ▲ | afthonos an hour ago | parent [-] | | I agree on complicated ideas, and on facts (because obviously different sources will selectively report facts, even if they’re trying to be fair). The ideas here are not complicated. The argument is three sentences. |
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| ▲ | BeetleB a day ago | parent | prev | next [-] |
| > deal is such a strange angle when you can just start from zero, look at what's known to be happening right now, and draw a very straight line to catastrophe. As someone trained in the sciences and engineering, "drawing a straight line" is almost always the wrong way to extrapolate. I can believe my profession will be impacted strongly. That doesn't worry me on a global scale. The only really worrying thing I've seen are autonomous bots hacking sites. What worries me more are humans. The type who get so deluded into cults (QAnon, etc). That was a problem before LLMs. And yeah, LLMs likely will exacerbate the problem. But at its core, the problem is the humans. When LLMs start killing people at the scale of the automobile, I'll become more concerned. As an aside, HN is the place I see people most regularly concerned about LLMs, and I suspect it's because it has messed up the Internet for them (and likely the average HN user spends more time online operating in spheres that overlap the LLMs skillset than ordinary folks). It's very consistent with exposure bias. For me, the good parts of the Internet died before LLMs even came on the scene. LLMs are merely making something crappy crappier, and are amplifying the need to find meaning in life elsewhere. In a sense, they've made it easier to see how bad the Internet was before they came along. |
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| ▲ | ambicapter a day ago | parent [-] | | > autonomous bots hacking sites. They weren't even autonomous. They were tasked with solving a hacking task. "AI" doesn't actually do anything at all unless prompted to, then it takes millions and millions of dollars of computer to do those things. |
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| ▲ | jackmott42 a day ago | parent | prev | next [-] |
| There is a wide gulf between catastrophe and killing us all, and its not just that these people are weird, they seem to be complete clowns, tossing out % predictions about incalculable future states like spock in star trek. Total clown show. |
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| ▲ | solenoid0937 a day ago | parent [-] | | Yes, I wonder who the clowns are: 1. Researchers that have forgotten more about this technology than the average HNer will ever learn 2. Random HNers that think that suddenly they understand the problem better than researchers that have spent their lives on it This is just anti intellectualism in a different coat, and it's not much different from people denying environmental scientists talking about climate change or biologists talking about vaccines. But everyone here thinks they are the smart protagonist and certainly they would never hold a position so silly! | | |
| ▲ | rpdillon a day ago | parent | next [-] | | Anti-intellectual? Because they don't believe claims that are backed up only by untested hypotheticals? If we're going to have whistleblowers emerge declaring a 10% chance we all die because of AI, we're going to need more than vibes. Real experts can explain their position plainly. That has not happened here. | | |
| ▲ | JoshTriplett a day ago | parent [-] | | > Real experts can explain their position plainly. That has not happened here. It has, over, and over, and over. There is literally a book on it. https://ifanyonebuildsit.com/ | | |
| ▲ | philipkglass a day ago | parent | next [-] | | I read Bostrom's Superintelligence: Paths, Dangers, Strategies in 2014. It was interesting, but not terribly persuasive. Does If Anyone Builds It, Everyone Dies contain arguments that would be new to me after reading Superintelligence? | | |
| ▲ | JoshTriplett 19 hours ago | parent [-] | | I would personally expect so, but your mileage may vary. Controlling for the fact that you didn't find the former persuasive, my first thought would be that the latter might help. Among other things, it is much more specific and detailed in various ways, not least of which being informed by an additional 11 years of history. The former was not written in a world of pervasive AI, or with current AI architecture in mind; the latter has that context. |
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| ▲ | rpdillon 11 hours ago | parent | prev [-] | | I'm aware of the book, it feels like vibes to me, and is unconvincing. Too many offramps between here and there. | | |
| ▲ | JoshTriplett 10 hours ago | parent [-] | | You said "Real experts can explain their position plainly.". The experts have explained their position plainly. If you disagree, you should be able to explain your position plainly; "feels like vibes to me" is not an explanation, it's a feeling. If you want to argue that there's something invalidating the arguments, by all means do. But it's really tiring to get many variations of "nobody's made the case for it!" or "there's no evidence for it!" or "vibes!". | | |
| ▲ | rpdillon 9 hours ago | parent [-] | | My position is that there are too many off-ramps between us and the proposed inevitability. And the argument is not symmetric. The null hypothesis is that the world continues to function. The burden of proof is on the authors of the book to show that human destruction is an inevitability as the result of this technology, and they have failed to show that. This is cited in multiple reviews of the book in reputable publications. The book simply fails to compel belief. |
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| ▲ | int_19h a day ago | parent | prev | next [-] | | These people are more like creationists, in that they assume that their intended conclusion is true, and then argue backwards from that. | | |
| ▲ | hollerith a day ago | parent [-] | | That doesn't explain the many former AI researchers (including Yudkowsky) who quit the field because they came to believe it is a potent danger: they didn't choose to become AI researchers because they started with an assumption that AI research is too dangerous to be allowed to continue. |
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| ▲ | password54321 a day ago | parent | prev | next [-] | | Stop doing this: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argument_from_authority | | |
| ▲ | solenoid0937 a day ago | parent [-] | | It's not my job to re explain AI safety from scratch to every uninformed take on the internet. Authority serves a useful purpose. Having humility and delegating a topic to people that understand the topic better than you is not a bad thing, and certainly preferred to this state. | | |
| ▲ | OkayPhysicist a day ago | parent [-] | | The writers for Star Trek spent a lot more time thinking about interstellar travel than I do, but I'm not going to go to them for advice about building a rocket ship. The Rationalists are a philosophical/pseudo-religious organization in the same way the Daoists are. Just spending a lot time thinking about something doesn't make them right, it just makes them internally consistent with their chosen axioms. That is useful: if you agree with the axiomatic beliefs of such a movement, you can probably defer a lot of reasoning about the conclusions of those beliefs to the authority figures within that movement. But it doesn't change the probability of the axioms themselves being true, any moreso than the Pope saying so affects the probability of God existing. AI Is Important And Potentially Dangerous is an axiomatic belief in the rationalist circles that are relevant to AI safety, in the same way that God Exists is axiomatic to Catholicism. | | |
| ▲ | JoshTriplett a day ago | parent | next [-] | | That's a fascinating assumption, and I wonder how you got to it, because it doesn't match anything I've ever seen. Most groups look more homogeneous from the outside than the inside. You are assuming their belief is religious and axiomatic, rather than very carefully reasoned about for decades, iterated on, discussed, debated, tested, and refined. | | |
| ▲ | OkayPhysicist a day ago | parent | next [-] | | > Most groups look more homogeneous from the outside than the inside. The converse is also true: Most groups look more heterogeneous from the inside than the outside. Again, to use the Christianity example: it takes a fair bit of inside baseball to figure out how various different sects and denominations are any different, but if you ask one of their priests, they'll be sure to tell you how Baptists and Episcopalians couldn't be more different. It's a symptom of normalizing to an Overton window. From inside a church the belief that Jesus was just a guy who talked to God might seem an extreme fringe belief to someone who believes that Jesus is fully God, but from the outside we can lump them together as axiomatically holding that God Exists, because we have an Overton window ranging from "God doesn't exist" to "Allah talks to me everyday, and she gave me my promotion". | |
| ▲ | compiler-guy a day ago | parent | prev [-] | | "Most groups look more homogeneous from the outside than the inside." But that doesn't mean that they really are all that different in the end. It reminds me a of joke as told by Emo Philips that I think is quite apropos: ==-==-= A man was walking across a bridge when he saw someone about to jump. He ran over and said, "Don't do it! There's so much to live for!" "Like what?" the person asked. "Well, are you religious?" "Yes." "Me too! Are you Christian or Jewish?" "Christian." "Me too! Protestant or Catholic?" "Protestant." "Me too! What denomination?" "Baptist." "Me too! Northern Baptist or Southern Baptist?" "Northern Baptist." "Me too! Northern Baptist Conservative or Northern Baptist Liberal?" "Northern Baptist Conservative." "Me too! Northern Baptist Conservative Covenant or Northern Baptist Conservative Council?" "Northern Baptist Conservative Council." "Me too! Northern Baptist Conservative Council of 1879, or Northern Baptist Conservative Council of 1912?" "Northern Baptist Conservative Council of 1912." The man stepped back, eyes narrowing, and yelled, "Die, heretic scum!" and pushed the other off the bridge. | | |
| ▲ | skew-aberration 19 hours ago | parent [-] | | It's good game theory. You're much more likely to be able to bully a Northern Baptist Conservative Council of 1879 members into joining your cult than anybody else. |
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| ▲ | hollerith a day ago | parent | prev [-] | | That not exactly a withering criticism of the rationalists because most people who have any opinion about AI believe that AI is important and potentially dangerous. |
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| ▲ | lukewarm707 a day ago | parent | prev | next [-] | | you have the anthropic mindset. the new aristocracy, or rather, kleptocracy. | |
| ▲ | anon109 a day ago | parent | prev | next [-] | | Really? Forgotten more than we know? So what can they tell us about how this technology works then? It seems a lot of it, besides the actual training engineering parts, is handwaving about "black boxes" and "divine benevolence" (a quote from Noam Shazeer). | |
| ▲ | fragmede a day ago | parent | prev [-] | | In a circus troupe, clowns are a critical role, and are an important, if silly, job. In the AI jobpocalypse, we should all be so lucky to have any job. |
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| ▲ | AlexandrB a day ago | parent | prev [-] |
| > draw a very straight line to catastrophe What's the straight line? I foresee catastrophe of the social media kind, where even more folks get brain worms from consuming AI information, but I don't foresee a physical catastrophe. How AI goes from "hallucinates all the time" to "self-improving superhuman thinker" to "being able to destroy the world" involves a bunch of logical leaps that are not exactly sound. At a bare minimum, how does a hostile AI secure the data centers it needs to operate from physical attacks like bombings? How does it defend undersea cables from being cut? The real short term catastrophe is probably going to be economic and not in the sense of AI taking everyone's jobs, but rather in the sense of an economic crash due to AI overinvestment. |