Depends on what you're wanting to do.

The OSS toolchains have matured a lot since then, with parts from Lattice being fairly well supported if you don't want to touch a vendor's tooling.

Gowin have some of the more interesting new parts which sit on a different part of the cost/feature curve. The Tang Nano boards seem fairly popular but I only have experience with far larger GW5 parts.

The newer parts from Intel/AMD have increasingly impressive hard-peripherals and internal features, but not that relevant unless you know what you want/need.

I've started to dabble in this only very recently. I have two iCEBreaker boards [0] in the mail right now that I'm excited for.

From what I understand, one of the big advantages of the up5k chip (the same chip on the webfpga and the icebreaker) is that there's an open toolchain that runs in seconds (at this chip size), which is not the case in the closed/Vivado/"typical fpga" part of the world. (feel free to correct me)

Purely in simulation this week, I had Claude (Fable) design a working Tetris out of 1400 relays - originally, this was for a Minivac web simulator that I/Fable had built [1]. Then, it compiled the relay netlist to Verilog and ran it on the simulated chip, comparing this (bezerk) port relay-for-relay against the original simulator. All matching (total llm time: less than an hour). I had it also make a viz of the netlist blinking through one simulated run [2] - sort of like visual6502.org..!

Today, I (Fable) ported tinystories [3], a very small language model to this exact same chip. It's currently "golfing" to get it to fit onto the real chip size (it's ~10% over, I'm hopeful). EDIT: it just golfed it! ~~7 tokens/sec at 12Mhz in simulation!

None of these are "use cases", but these boards seem small/cheap enough that you can do new deranged things with them, which is very very exciting to me. I see a great future.

[0] https://1bitsquared.com/products/icebreaker

[1] https://minivac.greg.technology/tetris/

[2] https://necessary-doom-48128.ondis.co/

[3] https://arxiv.org/abs/2305.07759

Examples include:

* replacements for the C64 PLA, CIA, and potentially the SID

* Glue logic for a bread board project where it would require a lot of 74 or 4k series logic

* Translating TTL to VGA etc.

These are things people have used FPGAs for quite commonly

ICE40UP5K is large enough to synthesize a simple RISC-V CPU with some basic peripherals. It's not huge or fast, but it's capable enough.

small what boards? Do esp32 boards count?

Jailbreaking consoles

https://a.co/d/05f9gq9A

+1. Especially given that it can even run in the browser - https://yowasp.org/

I guess it's for people who only have a smartphone. Or a potato that is ok for browsing, but not for FPGA synthesis.