I think there's got to be more variety of differentiation between being an agent of national interest as a national of a nation and being a spy. It takes more than acting in America's interest for an American business person to be an "agent" or a "spy."

This isn't to discount the issues with NVIDIA and whether they knowingly participated in circumventing chip bans. Or conflict of interest issues. But running a business that benefits China as a Chinese national and making some reports to the nation just doesn't seem like "spy" to me any more than being part of the British East India company made a Brit a spy.

Yeah it’s one of those things anyone can argue either way. To some, unless they find a Chinese spy school diploma with her name she won’t be “spy”. That’s just not how it works. There are various levels of involvement and recruitment. All the way down to being an unwitting cooperator (for all she knows, she is helping a business associate or friend in Singapore source GPUs) or something like that.

Seems the label is unimportant.