I am just as clueless as you are, but I think it having each agent work on the problem mostly individually in parallel, likely sharing their breakthroughs for the next wave of agents. I'm reminded of infinite monkey's writing Shakespeare; suggesting if you have an infinite amount of agents, they will end up solving a Millenium Prize Problem.

Here is OpenAI's blog post about Navier-Stokes; [1] which suggests they used smaller connected swarms given the different prompts, then the findings were used to write further follow up prompts for a new group of agents.

[1] https://openai.com/index/navier-stokes-solution/