Looks like the paper is from 2025?

I think the problem with these sorts of studies is that the industry is moving so fast, and by the time your paper gets peer reviewed and published it is no longer relevant.

In this paper, the participants are using mostly ChatGPT - well, there's a HUGE difference in free chatGPT, gpt 6, gpt 4o, gpt 3.5?

What might have been the case for say, GPT 4, is probably no longer the case with GPT 6.

My experience with Google's gemini right now makes this obvious, as I run out of Gemini 4 Astra in a conversation, and then it switches me to Gemini flash lite.