$50,100 per employee in regulatory safety and compliance costs.[0]

Up to $8k per engine unit produced in EPA regulatory fees.[1]

Between $100k and $500k per engine model variant for EPA testing and General Compliance.[2]

$100k to $200k for Transient & Steady-State Dynamometer Testing.[2]

$150k per engine variant for Useful Life Deterioration Testing.[2]

[0] https://www.msci.org/federal-rules-costs-small-manufacturers...

[1] https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-40/chapter-I/subchapter-U...

[2] https://www.epa.gov/regulations-emissions-vehicles-and-engin...