I wonder if the system would actually collapse or people would just sit in jail for 10 years.

Supposedly, there is a right to a speedy trial, and supposedly, if it is violated, they have to let you go without a trial. Don't know if it is really tested often.

We would run out of room in jails, hastily contract out construction for rapid expansion, and then people would die en masse in the shoddy camps the contractors deliver.

The US has things like the right to a speedy trial.