Sounds like a very narrow view on what constitutes science. There are many fields of science where there is existing data against which new ideas can be tested without additional 'real-world' measurements. Newton's theory of gravitation relied entirely on pre-existing astronomical data for which there was no existing unifying theory. He made progress by putting forward a theory which explained that data. Now you can argue that it's not really science unless you include the original data collection and subsequent real-world measurement validation steps. But I'd be comfortable saying that Newton was indeed a scientists and did make progress in science despite only doing what some might say is the 'middle' part of the process. There are plenty of modern analogs where work like this sits out there waiting to be done using existing data.