The essential concepts of mathematical reasoning, if there are such things, are the concern of mathematical logicians, or maybe even psychologists, not, in general, of working mathematicians. One of my professors once told me something to the effect of "if you think you are going to learn any of that here, you are in the wrong place."

If you are interested in Terence Tao's personal mathematical inner world, he touches on that during his interview with Lex Friedman, which I think you might find interesting. Interviews with Kevin Buzzard sometimes touch on these themes too.

"maybe even psychologists" -- unironically true, but maybe I am talking about something different from you. The basis of (higher-level) math seem to mostly be "am I psychologically (emotionally...?) comfortable with accepting annoying ideas?" At least from my experience.

Thank you, I will watch these interviews!