Related to the above, two important concepts to know w.r.t a stack are "Red Zone" and "Guard Pages".

Raymond Chen again;

Why do we even need to define a red zone? Can’t I just use my stack for anything? - https://devblogs.microsoft.com/oldnewthing/20190111-00/?p=10...

A closer look at the stack guard page - https://devblogs.microsoft.com/oldnewthing/20220203-00/?p=10...

I wonder how Linux manages without explicit _chkstk? In my experience, it feels like MAP_GROWSDOWN regions have way more than 1 guard page below its start — I can poke like a megabyte lower than its start, and the kernel will grow the memory region into there just fine.