Windows provides almost 100% of the system-level dependencies you need. You don't need to specify things like "I need gstreamer for video decode" or "openSSL for my network". Those are all part of a standard Windows system and they have stable API/ABIs.

Only thing you ship with your application are the libraries specific to your app. If you use Qt, you ship Qt libraries as bundled DLLs. If you use Havok physics engine, you ship that as a bundled DLL.

MSI can trigger things like installing optional Windows components but it is not a package ecosystem like apt or dnf. It is more like dpkg or rpm.