This is a deep question. Many a great mind in history have thought about how to organize all of the world's knowledge systematically.

> Indeed, the purpose of an encyclopedia is to collect knowledge disseminated around the globe; to set forth its general system to the men with whom we live, and transmit it to those who will come after us.. -- Denis Diderot

A key word is "ontology", a system or architecture of categories to group entities which represent objects, events, relationships between concepts.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontology_(information_science)

The Dewey Decimal Classes mentioned in another comment is a good start. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Dewey_Decimal_classes

Also..

Basic Register of Thesauri, Ontologies & Classifications - https://bartoc.org/about

Encyclopedia of Knowledge Organization - https://www.isko.org/cyclo/kos

Universal Decimal Classification - https://udcc.org/index.php/site/page?view=subject_coverage

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Honestly, none of the lists are satisfyingly comprehensive. Like a fractal, you can zoom into any one subject, and it branches into more and more specific categories. Wikipedia has various lists and outlines that come closer to what you describe.

Outline of academic disciplines - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_academic_discipline...

> summary of the world's knowledge, in the form of an outline

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Outlines

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_knowledge#Knowledge...