In order of priority, I’d say:

1. If you write CRUD apps, make sure that the database does the heavy lifting.

2. Take note of algorithm complexities, use hashtables as appropriate, and write good hash functions when you start using hashtables/dictionaries.

3. Avoid pointer-heavy datastructures. In high level languages like Java, an object reference is a pointer dereference that can stall the CPU waiting for memory. This is sometimes optimized, but you can’t depend on it. The true zealots call this “data oriented design”.

4. If you write C/C++,rust, or the like, you might want to learn to read assembly. Godbolt.com is a fun way to learn. Note that not all instructions are equally fast: Long division and trigonomic functions are slower than integer adds, even when they are both a single instruction.

5. The next level is probably going for vectorized instructions: SIMD (ARM Neon, AVX). The most original applications can be found at lemire.me: a professor exploring optimizing things like JSON parsing using the latest processor features.