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| ▲ | The_Blade 2 hours ago | parent | next [-] | | Eric Cline is great - when i had a tooth removed in a somewhat nasty procedure i spent a Caturday hepped up on goofballs watching his videos on LBA while playing Hatshepsut on Diety in Civ VII 1.4 (i got to play test 1.3.2 via Firaxis via discord, ooh la la i call a car hole a garage) in my personal "immersive learning" period starting 2021, i discovered acoup.blog when Old World came out and extended into reading while playing Civ VI and CK III. it actually started the February before COVID, playing Plague while watching Contagion and reading whatever peer-reviewed shit i could find. total Chris Crawford with a brain-eating amoeba action EDIT: in the blind i'm guessing the port city of which you speak is Ugarit, which i had never heard of. IIRC everything was weakened by drought and famine, and Ugarit's armies were pulled over to the Hittites who abandoned Ugarit to The Sea Peoples. and the Sea Peoples always came off like a "cosmological constant" fudge factor where constant advances in shipwreck archaeology should provide more clarity in its merry time history is dope. it never repeats itself but it always rhymes :) | | |
| ▲ | nchmy an hour ago | parent [-] | | its been a while since ive read a comment somewhere that I am so completely bewildered by. I understand about half the words, and none of the references, that you wrote. Hope your teeth are doing better now! | | |
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| ▲ | cs702 2 hours ago | parent | prev | next [-] | | The OP talks about the drought extensively. Quoting: > there is quite a lot of compelling evidence that period of LBAC [late bronze age collapse], especially the 1190s, was unusually dry in the Eastern Mediterranean, which would have caused reduced agricultural output (crop failures). Interestingly, this would be most immediately impactful in areas engaged primarily in rainfall agriculture (Greece, Anatolia, the Levant) and less impactful in areas engaged more in irrigation agriculture (Egypt, Mesopotamia).³ And, oh look, the areas where LBAC was more severe are in the rainfall zone and the areas where it was less severe are in the irrigation zone. | | |
| ▲ | pfdietz an hour ago | parent [-] | | One possibility I've wondered about is the emergence of a new crop pathogen. This might be addressed by looking at DNA of modern crop pathogens, and possibly looking if there was a change in the crops being grown before/after the LBAC. |
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| ▲ | Brendinooo 3 hours ago | parent | prev | next [-] | | It injects some really interesting color into the Tanakh/Old Testament - I'm not sure anyone has definitively lined up the Bronze Age Collapse with Biblical events, but it sure seems to have happened somewhere between the Exodus and King David. One can easily see the events leading to the Exodus being enabled by (or causing, depending on who you ask!) the weakening of Egypt, and the period in Joshua and Judges describes a power vacuum: no centralized king over the area, lots of back-and-forth struggles for control; as the Philistines, sometimes referred to by historians as an actual group of the Sea Peoples, often impose their will with instruments of iron. | | |
| ▲ | simiones 3 hours ago | parent | next [-] | | The Exodus is an entirely fictional account though, it's not based on any real historical events. Even King David seems to be mostly mythical, though there is some vague evidence of a "House of David" being something some real kings claimed descent from. Edit: I should say "almost entirely fictional". The main scholarly agreement is that it may record some stories of some small numbers (hundreds, at most some thousands - nowhere near the 600k in the Bible) real semitic slaves' escape from Egypt and migration to the area of Canaan, mixing with the local Canaanite population that were the precursors of the Jewish populations of later Israel and Judah. | | |
| ▲ | Brendinooo 2 hours ago | parent | next [-] | | I tried to word my original comment in a way that allows a broad range of opinions to make a narrow point; I don't think anything you've said here refutes anything I said. I'm not really here to kick off a serious apologetics fight, though if you want me to engage on your thoughts I could. (And of the things I mentioned, the Exodus is less likely to line up with the Bronze Age Collapse's chronology anyways. But personally, I think the book of Judges very much feels set in the kind of post-apocalyptic world that the Collapse would have created.) | | |
| ▲ | simiones 15 minutes ago | parent [-] | | You wrote: > One can easily see the events leading to the Exodus being enabled by (or causing, depending on who you ask!) the weakening of Egypt I think that if I'm right that the events of Exodus simply never happened that would quite thoroughly refute any possible link to the historical bronze age collapse. It would be like saying that the events of the Epic of Gilgamesh being enabled by the weakening of Egypt. I didn't mention it, but the events in the Book of Joshua are also very much non-historical - there are no signs whatsoever of a conquest of parts of Canaan by any other group at a time that would be consistent with the Biblical narrative. The historical, linguistic, and archaeological evidence is most consistent with the ancient Israelites simply being a specific group of Canaanites that established a kingdom in the area in which they had lived for millennia. > But personally, I think the book of Judges very much feels set in the kind of post-apocalyptic world that the Collapse would have created. The Book of Judges is also regarded as mostly non-historical by modern day scholars. |
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| ▲ | bazoom42 2 hours ago | parent | prev | next [-] | | We dont know that. | | |
| ▲ | cogman10 an hour ago | parent [-] | | We actually do. There's a lot of claims in the exodus story which would have left behind corroborative histories. For example, the death of a large amount of the population along with the pharaohs son. The destruction of pharaoh's army. Records of ancient hebrew slaves. Ancient Egyptians left behind a pretty large amount of history and documentation. They were also surrounded by other civilizations that also left a decent bit of documentation. | | |
| ▲ | Brendinooo an hour ago | parent | next [-] | | >The destruction of pharaoh's army Given what we know about how the Egyptians recorded history, we would definitely not expect to find them writing about stuff that would have embarrassed them. >Records of ancient hebrew slaves Look up Papyrus Brooklyn 35.1446 - it shows that Egypt held slaves with Semitic names in roughly the correct time period. >They were also surrounded by other civilizations that also left a decent bit of documentation Israel being one of them! | | |
| ▲ | cogman10 32 minutes ago | parent [-] | | > Given what we know about how the Egyptians recorded history, we would definitely not expect to find them writing about stuff that would have embarrassed them. That's exactly the sort of stuff they wrote about all the time. We know about the various wars and political conflicts throughout the second intermediate period precisely because that's what the Egyptians liked documenting. And, in particular, during the supposed time of the exodus the Egyptian kingdom was fairly divided. Even if one kingdom was too proud to write about a defeat, the others would be sure to document it. > Look up Papyrus Brooklyn 35.1446 - it shows that Egypt held slaves with Semitic names in roughly the correct time period. Read up about the Canaanites. They were on the uprise during this period and they are also believed to be the actual origin of the Hebrews. > Israel being one of them! No even according to the bible. Israel didn't exist before the exodus. Definitely not for decades and even centuries afterwards. The oldest records of the exodus are nowhere near the event. The closest record we have is around 900BCE. |
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| ▲ | palmotea an hour ago | parent | prev [-] | | > There's a lot of claims in the exodus story which would have left behind corroborative histories. There's a lot of distance between having claims in the account not supported by evidence and it being an "entirely fictional account." I wouldn't be surprised if truth is that it has a factual core with significant embellishment, to the point where the boundary is not discernible by history/archeology. | | |
| ▲ | cogman10 24 minutes ago | parent [-] | | People wandering in the desert for 40 years, or even 1 year, leave traces. Especially when it's thousands of people (at a minimum). The Hebrew language came long after the exodus. We have no earlier records of it that aren't written in Hebrew. So what we have is writings written hundreds of years later documenting an event with no earlier writings verifying that documentation. It's possible that a small group of slaves escaped egypt and that was the actual origin of the exodus story which just kept growing and growing with retellings. |
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| ▲ | dylan604 an hour ago | parent | prev | next [-] | | Doesn't the English monarchy claim lineage back to David? | | |
| ▲ | simiones an hour ago | parent [-] | | No, they don't. But they do claim lineage to Alfred the Great, whose lineage is traced by legendary sources to Woden/Odin, and from there to Noah and Adam. In some versions, Beowulf is also part of that lineage. |
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| ▲ | ReptileMan 2 hours ago | parent | prev | next [-] | | Iliad is fictional yet Troy existed. The biblical flood was mythical yet couple of thousand years ago black sea connected to the Mediterranean and probably was not entirely unpeaceful. I have absolutely backed by nothing theory that ancient Armenians and Jews are the same people that got separated. For some tribe living on the shores of east black sea - a myth about massive flood and some saving boat that stopped on Ararat is easy to see how it could be created. Of course it takes incredible levels of incompetence to be lost in sinay for 40 years. But apply exponential reduction for each generation of oral account and you may get to something resembling truth. | | |
| ▲ | simiones an hour ago | parent | next [-] | | Yes, Troy existed - we know that because we found it. If we found evidence of a mass migration of slaves from Egypt to Canaan, we'd also know that certain aspects of the Exodus narrative are true - but no such evidence has ever been found. The biblical flood has been connected to various possible historical floods, but any such connection is highly speculative and tenuous, because the details simply can't match the original claims. Similarly, some kernel of the Exodus narrative is quite possibly related to real migration events that actually happened, though they would necessarily be much smaller in scope. They also couldn't be the sole origin of the Ancient Israelites, as there is overwhelming evidence that they are simply a subset of the native people of Canaan, which had continuously inhabited that region for a very long time. We also know that the monotheistic/henotheistic religion described in the Exodus narrative was not the religion practiced by the people of Canaan, nor of the early kingdoms of Israel and Judah, which worshiped several other gods in addition to Yahweh (there are temples and inscriptions attesting to worship of Asherah, El, and even Baal in addition to Yahweh, at least). | | |
| ▲ | logicchains an hour ago | parent | next [-] | | >We also know that the monotheistic/henotheistic religion described in the Exodus narrative was not the religion practiced by the people of Canaan, nor of the early kingdoms of Israel and Judah, which worshiped several other gods in addition to Yahweh (there are temples and inscriptions attesting to worship of Asherah, El, and even Baal in addition to Yahweh, at least). The Exodus narrative explicitly describes the early Israelites flocking to worship idols like that. | | |
| ▲ | simiones 42 minutes ago | parent [-] | | It describes it as a sectary offshoot relatively quickly corrected - while the historical evidence suggests that it was part of the main religion of these people for a long time. Note also that, while Baal became an adversary of Yahweh and/or a false god in later narratives, Asherah and El were ultimately identified with Yahweh - to the point that mentions of El in the Bible became identified as referring to the same being as Yahweh. | | |
| ▲ | Brendinooo 35 minutes ago | parent [-] | | > archaeologist, taking off his glasses: well actually the physical evidence suggests the ancient Israelites worshiped multiple deities > Jeremiah, weeping and sighing: yes I know (That's a tweet that pops up from time to time when exchanges like this happen.) > the historical evidence suggests that it was part of the main religion of these people for a long time I mean...yes, this is thoroughly documented throughout all of Judges/Kings/Chronicles/etc. Elijah is the one who stands against 450 prophets of Baal, and when he feels totally alone later on, God tells him that 7,000 haven't bent the knee - big enough to be reassuring, but certainly not a huge percentage of the northern kingdom's population. | | |
| ▲ | simiones 26 minutes ago | parent [-] | | Elijah (who, unlike Moses, is probably a real historical figure) lived long after the events depicted in Exodus. And Exodus ends with the all of the Israelites faithfully following Yahweh's commandments, after narrowly avoiding death for their worship of the golden bull idol. The book of Kings presents a time long after that, when the people of the now divided Israel have lost their way and started worshiping Baal - as opposed to their ancestors who only worshiped Yahweh. |
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| ▲ | bjourne 30 minutes ago | parent | prev | next [-] | | Noah's Ark may well be derived from the flood story in the Epic of Gilgamesh. In both stories the God(s) assert that the flood is a one-time event and promise to never repeat it. Many of the stories are probably amalgamations of different myths and legends of the near east. | |
| ▲ | Ar-Curunir an hour ago | parent | prev [-] | | Just wanted to say, this (and your other comments) are really helpful. Bring science to a religious discussion establishes a baseline, especially in an area where the more religious commenters bring up absolutely nonsense theories. | | |
| ▲ | simiones 35 minutes ago | parent [-] | | Thanks! I found it quite interesting the first time I read about the current scholarly consensus around this, as I had before only ever heard of the mainstream religious (Christian, in my case) view of these events. Even after becoming an atheist, I had for a long time assumed that, while of course the parting of the Red Sea and similar miraculous events were not historical, the overall narrative was, and that Moses had existed and been some kind of spiritual leader, similar to the historical Jesus. I think it's quite extraordinary how little the scholarly and historical consensus on these narratives has penetrated mainstream culture, even among a secular audience, so I like to bring it up whenever it is mentioned. |
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| ▲ | pantalaimon an hour ago | parent | prev | next [-] | | > The biblical flood was mythical yet couple of thousand years ago black sea connected to the Mediterranean and probably was not entirely unpeaceful. I thought that was a story from when the Sumerians were driven up to Mesopotamia as the water level in the Persian Gulf rose when the glaciers of the last ice age melted. | |
| ▲ | dylan604 an hour ago | parent | prev | next [-] | | > The biblical flood was mythical yet couple of thousand years ago Pretty much every ancient religion/group has a "biblical" flood story. Even those from different continents. Haven't you seen Ancient Aliens? | | |
| ▲ | ivell 19 minutes ago | parent [-] | | It could be just that almost all ancient civilizations were near water bodies that could flood. Any big flood would seem apocalyptic for the population size of the time. |
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| ▲ | codesnik 38 minutes ago | parent | prev [-] | | even if black sea deluge happened sufficiently rapidly, you're several thousands years off. Current theories date it to about 8 thousand years ago. |
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| ▲ | BurningFrog 2 hours ago | parent | prev [-] | | Are you saying we have no evidence that Exodus happened, or that we have real evidence that it did NOT happen? | | |
| ▲ | simiones an hour ago | parent | next [-] | | If there had been a massive migration of hundreds of thousands of people, and even more so hundreds of thousands of slaves, from late bronze age Egypt (a powerful, old, highly literate kingdom), we would expect to find significant evidence of this (inscriptions, local stories, migration sites, etc). The absence of any such evidence, while not conclusive proof of course, constitutes evidence against this event happening. We also know for example that the types of beliefs detailed in Exodus, especially the idea that the Israelites worshiped Yahweh alone as the only God, are not historical. Belief and worship of other gods were common in both the ancient kingdoms of Israel and Judah long after the supposed time that the Exodus happened - in particular El (who was later associated with Yahweh) and Asherah (who was sometimes seen as the wife of Yahweh). So at least this aspect of the Exodus narrative is directly contradicted by archaeological evidence. This is similar to the reason we believe the stories in Genesis are not historical, e.g. the flood, - if they had been historical, we expect that they would have left behind certain marks; those marks haven't been found, so we have a reason to believe that they didn't happen. | | |
| ▲ | palmotea an hour ago | parent | next [-] | | > We also know for example that the types of beliefs detailed in Exodus, especially the idea that the Israelites worshiped Yahweh alone as the only God, are not historical. Belief and worship of other gods were common in both the ancient kingdoms of Israel and Judah long after the supposed time that the Exodus happened I'm not sure what the point you're trying to make is. IIRC, that stuff is in the actual Bible. Like, a significant chunk of the Old Testament is about "Israelites [not] worship[ing] Yahweh alone as the only God." | | |
| ▲ | simiones 39 minutes ago | parent [-] | | This was not idolatry, as depicted in Exodus - this was full blown state religion, held in the same esteem as Yahweh, and co-existing with worship of him. So much so that El later became identified with Yahweh, and now most people reading the Bible (including Jewish people, Christians, and Muslims) believe El is just another one of Yahweh's names, or maybe the name of one of his angels. |
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| ▲ | logicchains an hour ago | parent | prev [-] | | >We also know for example that the types of beliefs detailed in Exodus, especially the idea that the Israelites worshiped Yahweh alone as the only God, are not historical. Belief and worship of other gods were common in both the ancient kingdoms of Israel and Judah long after the supposed time that the Exodus happened - in particular El (who was later associated with Yahweh) and Asherah (who was sometimes seen as the wife of Yahweh). So at least this aspect of the Exodus narrative is directly contradicted by archaeological evidence. I feel like you haven't read Exodus because it describes in detail the early Israelites' predilection for idolatry. | | |
| ▲ | jcranmer 33 minutes ago | parent [-] | | The book of Joshua details the supposed conquest of Canaan by the Israelites, which archaeological evidence rather disfavors--there's no discontinuous horizon in cultural adaptation between the supposed Philistines and the Hebrews following Jewish dietary laws, for example, and the settlement sites just are not inhabited during the time period that they were supposedly conquested. |
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| ▲ | krapp 2 hours ago | parent | prev [-] | | We know the Exodus didn't happen because the supernatural elements described cannot have happened, and there is no evidence of any such mass migration in the archeological record, nor any non-Biblical references to such an event taking place. It may be the case that the Exodus tale is a recontexualization of various historical memories of nomadic resettlement combined with political narrative, but the actual story as described in the actual Bible didn't happen. |
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| ▲ | jerf 2 hours ago | parent | prev | next [-] | | You'd probably find https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xy2Ic_j0SnA interesting. For the rest of HN, while that video is from someone who takes the Bible seriously, you can also view it as an interesting examination of the historical time period, even if with a particular lens and slant. Who doesn't have a particular lens and slant anyhow? | |
| ▲ | detourdog an hour ago | parent | prev [-] | | I heard that the story of the Exodus and Moses was to unite the northern and southern kingdoms of Judea behind a single figure. |
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| ▲ | bloak 22 minutes ago | parent | prev | next [-] | | I'm being pedantic here, of course, but "nation-states" is perhaps not the right expression to use for that era. Nation states are primarily a thing of the nineteenth century (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nation_state). The article seems to talk about "imperial states" and "palace states", and I'm not sure I've ever seen the expression "palace state" before. | |
| ▲ | darkfloo 4 hours ago | parent | prev | next [-] | | Shameless plug for my favourite YouTuber of all time
https://youtu.be/aq4G-7v-_xI?si=GviYcvEtOAJ1mln7 | | |
| ▲ | CountHackulus an hour ago | parent | next [-] | | Historia Civilis somehow distills subjects down to squares in a great way. Entertaining and informative. Fantastic channel. | |
| ▲ | moffkalast 39 minutes ago | parent | prev [-] | | The man who singlehandedly got me to think about Rome on a weekly basis. |
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| ▲ | pfdietz 4 hours ago | parent | prev | next [-] | | The drought explanation seems particularly plausible for the Hittites, IMO. They had grain storage, but ~3 years of drought would exhaust that. So if the climate becomes just a bit drier the chance of such a three year run increases enough to likely crash their society. Today we have a huge buffer from the large use of grain to feed animals. In a crisis it could be diverted as human food, with some effort. Large geographic range from global shipping also smooths out blips. Still, a Toba-like eruption would be bad news. | | |
| ▲ | stymaar 3 hours ago | parent | next [-] | | > Today we have a huge buffer from the large use of grain to feed animals. This, plus the gigantic amount of agricultural land being used for biofuel production (almost as much as cattle food). | | |
| ▲ | bryanlarsen 3 hours ago | parent | next [-] | | The standard counter-argument is that the corn grown for animal feed and for ethanol production is not suited for human consumption. But that's only partially true. We wouldn't eat it directly -- it could still be turned into masa or sugar or some other processed food and then eaten. | | |
| ▲ | reactordev 2 hours ago | parent | next [-] | | The corn grown that’s not for human consumption is only because it’s earmarked for feed or biofuels. Corn is corn. Where I live, 1 in 4 fields is “for human consumption” | | |
| ▲ | Retric 2 hours ago | parent | next [-] | | Filed corn is harvested at a different time resulting in a dryer product. But yes if people get hungry enough, field corn easily qualifies as actual food. | | |
| ▲ | reactordev an hour ago | parent [-] | | There are 4 types of corn. Dimple/dent corn, pop corn, sweet corn, and flint corn. Each variety can be eaten. Prepared differently of course as they have different starches and flavors but the vast majority of corn fields in the United States grow dent corn for feed and biofuels. |
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| ▲ | inigyou 2 hours ago | parent | prev [-] | | Aren't there different varieties of corn? | | |
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| ▲ | brazzy an hour ago | parent | prev [-] | | Yeah, we're pretty good at making pretty damn anything "fit for human consumption", including quite a few things that are outright poisonous if consumed unprocessed. | | |
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| ▲ | throwaway27448 2 hours ago | parent | prev [-] | | Who ever thought the idea of biofuel was a good one? Is it just as much a blatant jobs program as it seems? | | |
| ▲ | pfdietz 2 hours ago | parent | next [-] | | It's the result of politics, and that's not always pretty. | |
| ▲ | stymaar 27 minutes ago | parent | prev | next [-] | | > is it just as much a blatant jobs program as it seems? It's not a “job program” per se (these crops require basically no human work to do nowadays) but it's indeed a subvention program for farmers (and more importantly, land owners). | |
| ▲ | mrguyorama an hour ago | parent | prev [-] | | While Bush Jr was definitely doing it to give yet another handout to corn growers, it solved a real problem. After we phased out TetraEthyl Lead from gas, we still needed an octane booster, because for gas to be cheap, it uses low octane components. So we used something called MTBE. The problem is that your average corner gas store has terrible infrastructure, and their gas tank leaks a lot. MTBE kept getting into water sources and hurting people. Ethanol is a good octane booster, and it doesn't poison anyone or the environment. It also slightly reduced dependence on foreign oil at a time when that was still an issue. So it's wasteful, not at all "Green", and inefficient, but do we have a replacement octane booster that wont poison people? It's not at all a jobs program. Corn growing is extremely mechanized. It's done entirely by megacorp megafarms. They are very wealthy companies owned by very wealthy people who continue to vote for republicans exclusively for lower taxes on wealthy people. They don't do it for better policy, as Trump alone has cost that industry over $30 billion in lost sales during his two terms, from poorly run trade wars. | | |
| ▲ | akiselev an hour ago | parent [-] | | > So it's wasteful, not at all "Green", and inefficient, but do we have a replacement octane booster that wont poison people? I'm not sure it's all that wasteful. The waste product from biofuel production is distillers grains [1] which are just fed back to animals afterward for the protein, fiber, and fat content. [1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distillers_grains | | |
| ▲ | stymaar 25 minutes ago | parent [-] | | It's wasteful in the sense that we are exploiting lots of land for the limited value it brings. |
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| ▲ | idiotsecant 3 hours ago | parent | prev [-] | | It's unlikely that rich countries would experience famine as severely as poor ones and consequently they would probably still demand meat. Grain that could feed people would still feed livestock. | | |
| ▲ | bryanlarsen 3 hours ago | parent [-] | | A draw down of animal stocks increases meat supply in the short term. As grain gets more expensive, farmers sell animals for meat rather than keeping them to reproduce. | | |
| ▲ | stymaar 3 hours ago | parent [-] | | But “As grain gets more expensive” middle eastern countries (that rely almost entirely on import for their grain source) would start facing grain shortage (due to balance of payment issues) or at least severe deprivation of the poorer part of their population. The Tunisian, Egyptian, Syrian and Libyan revolutions didn't occur at the same moment out of coincidence… |
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| ▲ | DicIfTEx 4 hours ago | parent | prev | next [-] | | The fantastic Fall of Civilizations podcast also had an episode about it: https://fallofcivilizationspodcast.com/2019/01/21/episode-2-... | | | |
| ▲ | icegreentea2 3 hours ago | parent | prev | next [-] | | I don't think Bret (the author of ACOUP) omits drought - he leads his section on plausible theories with "period of drying and consistent crop failures". While Bret dismisses the out to in migration/invasion theory, he does support the idea of intra-region migration/warfare (perhaps induced by drought/crop failures). | |
| ▲ | the-smug-one 3 hours ago | parent | prev | next [-] | | Eric Cline has an interview on "Tides of History" podcast. | | |
| ▲ | flir 2 hours ago | parent [-] | | I'm really annoyed that Patrick gave up on that. I mean, I know he's been doing it a decade, and I can't chain him to a desk, and I'm being entitled, but... |
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| ▲ | ape4 3 hours ago | parent | prev | next [-] | | I think it's a popular topic because so many people are wondering when our civilization will fall. | |
| ▲ | forlorn_mammoth 3 hours ago | parent | prev [-] | | > deterioration of international shipping routes like a closing of a certain straight that was essential for a large percentage of a necessary resource? |
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