Nobody owns a domain of any TLD otherwise they would only pay for it once and it would be theirs forever assuming they are not violating trademarks.

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andreashaerter 2 hours ago | parent [-]

BUT:

1. For generic TLDs like .com/net/org/.<all kind of new ones>, the rules mostly come from ICANN, the registry, and the registrar.

2. For country-code TLDs like .de/io/to/io/ai/ly, the rules come from that ccTLD's own registry. Best example AFAIK: .ly domains must not contain obscene contents contrary to Libyan law or Islamic morality (which was a driver for bit.ly's domain change)

So ccTLDs are not simply "generic TLD rules plus country rules." They are their own category with their own policies. Trademark violations are one way to lose a domain, but not the only one. The risk is MUCH higher when using a country TLD.

	▲	Bender an hour ago \| parent [-]
		Agreed. Adding to that some country TLD's are a PITA to obtain and maintain. I recall having to jump through many hoops for .PR in that I needed a local legal presence and I had to have very specific parameters in the zone settings for serial, refresh, retry, expire, and negative ttl. With no relation to any RFC's They periodically checked too. There were other annoyances for .de, .ca, .fr and .cn. The .cn ccTLD has similar issues you mentioned for .ly. I never had to register a .ly. Mark Monitor was able to check the box for a legal presence for a few ccTLD's. Oh and the only ccTLD we were actually going to use was .cn as we would have to hand over all SSL cert keys to them. The others were just for anti-fraud and anti-squatting reasons.