By default, windows uses an expandable page file.

Typically, performance drops enough that the user kills the program or reboots before the page file expands to fill the disk. And other threads here suggest there is something that will prompt users to kill programs in states like this.

> No such problem would've ever occured if programs hadn't allocated more than they actually use.

That's part of the issue, but sometimes things do in fact use too much memory as well as allocate too much.

Another part of the issue is that few programs are built to handle allocation failures.

And then you have a metrics issue. There's not really a good metric to know when you're out of memory, other than performance collapse. If your applications don't use disk, it's not too hard; but when they do use disk, performance will collapse once there's insufficient memory to provide the disk caching needed. In my experience, adding a small swap and monitoring swap i/o can be pretty helpful, and a small swap doesn't tend to allow long thrashing when memory use grows. But that's not universal and everybody loves to hate swap these days.