Family relationships are the first thing that come to my mind.

In Spanish for example, consuegro and consuegra refer to the father and mother of your child's spouse.

The Spanish words succinctly encode that relationship while English requires verbally traversing the family tree.

That's https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinship_terminology and yes, you can categorise languages by the extent of their kinship terminology.

You could postulate that a language developed specific words for family and relatives because they prized those specific family structures? Or that language copied another language that did.

Similarly, you can categorise languages by how they group numbers, e.g. French is vigesimal while English is decimal.