You don't have to use TypeScript if you don't want to: you can compile Haskell, Ocaml, Rust, F#, ... to javascript. This is quite efficient, especially if your backend is already in one of those languages. It saves you from creating the same abstraction twice in different languages.

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esafak 4 hours ago | parent [-]

How does that work with JS frameworks like React, since most development takes place with them?

	▲	toolslive 2 hours ago \| parent [-]
		it's not that different compared to using the FFI. The link below shows how it can work for Ocaml <-> TypeScript. https://github.com/ocsigen/ts2ocaml