Any kind of poll mode networking:

Rdma, dpdk, io_uring it’s really kind of up to the user to do the memory isolation

In io_urings case tho, you can’t do much because the rings are in the kernel.

I’m hopeful though that with Llm things will get better.

But it’s just hard problem to solve . Very difficult to do in the kernel itself, and folks don’t really even understand tuning for it.

The ring buffers are in shared memory not kernel private. The ring buffers (submission and completion) are shared between kernel space and user space. User publishes requests via submission queue entries (updates tail of buffer while kernel reads head of the buffer), kernel shifts the submission queue buffer on its end and returns a completion queue event by publishing to completion buffer. User pulls from this buffer (specifically the head, kernel updates tail of buffer) in user space.