> Each issue is reasonable by itself...

The problem of many hands - when responsibilities in a group that collectively does harm are divided between many people, who can be held accountable when each person individually acted reasonably?

I think organizations are, more and more, siloing roles in this way intentionally (or at least emergently), such that blame can only ever be collective if they do harm. Since it's so much harder to redress collective blame, this can be effective in avoiding consequence entirely.

I think it's mostly emergent. I can even point to a plausible mechanism, which is that if you think of an organization as a network of people and how they are connected together, you can think of "responsibility" as something that arcs through an organization like electricity and burns out whatever it courses through, prompting the creation of alternatives to avoid getting zapped the same way in the future.

It isn't completely inevitable, I think it's possible for relatively strong leadership to understand that the processing of responsibility through an organization is a necessary feature and people handling it without external forces conspiring to make it even more like that it will "burn out" a part of the org is a necessity and a good thing. But it's really easy for an organization to just default to burning out the path and evolving ways to avoid it in the future, and it is very motivated to make it happen.

>The problem of many hands - when responsibilities in a group that collectively does harm are divided between many people, who can be held accountable when each person individually acted reasonably?

"You can't justify hanging us all from the overpass" is the magic of the system.

And not just the medical system.

the correct answer here is that they are all accountable. there is not some fixed quantity of blame to divvy up: each malfunctioning leg is responsible for the outcome.

Liability laws incentives play a big part. Good faith effort and patient care increase the surface are for attack.