> 95% of rust is safe rust.

Based on the raw number of assorted crates, which has no bearing on kernel code. The more relevant question is, can a performant, cross-architecture, kernel ring-buffer be written in safe Rust?

I doubt it, but you can probably get pretty close.

This is something a lot of people misunderstand about unsafe rust. The safe / unsafe distinction isn't at the crate level. You don't say "this entire module opts out of safety checks". Unsafe is a granular thing. The unsafe keyword doesn't turn off the borrow checker. It just lets you dereference pointers (and do a few other tricks).

Systems code written in rust often has a few unsafe functions which interact with the actual hardware. But all the high level logic - which is usually most of the code by volume - can be written using safe, higher level abstractions.

"Can all of io_uring be written in safe rust?" - probably not, no. But could you write the vast majority of io_uring in safe rust? Almost certainly. This bug is a great example. In this case, the problematic function was this one:

    static void io_zcrx_return_niov_freelist(struct net_iov *niov)
    {
        struct io_zcrx_area *area = io_zcrx_iov_to_area(niov);

        spin_lock_bh(&area->freelist_lock);
        area->freelist[area->free_count++] = net_iov_idx(niov);
        spin_unlock_bh(&area->freelist_lock);
    }