> a retirement vehicle that doesn't let you withdraw until age 59.5.

If you're referring to US retirement accounts, that's not accurate. The early withdrawal penalty is 10% - the same as jumping from the 12% to 22% tax bracket when you're working.

If your company allows partial withdrawals starting in the year you turn 55, you can use the "rule of 55" to get your money out penalty-free January 1 the year you turn 55.

You can withdraw Roth contributions penalty-free at any age.

You can take SEPP withdrawals without a penalty.

You should have some cash and brokerage account money too. You could also own a rental house, sell your house and become a renter, etc. The 10% penalty is seldom going to stop someone from retiring.

> * The early withdrawal penalty is 10%*

Still cheaper than my current Long-term Capital Gains tax rate too.