Humans can also count the number of Rs in strawberry, but good luck proving that mathematically

LLMs don't see words. They see tokens, which is why previously they had a hard time counting the r's.

You can certainly prove that mathematically, and giving that proof to an LLM it will give you the correct answer. Which is a prompting technique btw to improve accuracy of an LLMs results.

Although the more recent LLMs have built in approaches to answer this question.

Gemma4 for example:

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The user is asking for the number of 'r's in the word "strawberry".

* S

* T

* *R* (1)

* A

* W

* B

* E

* *R* (2)

* *R* (3)

* Y

There are 3 'r's.

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GPT-OSS-120b example.

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The user asks: "How many r's in strawberry." This is a straightforward counting problem: count the letter 'r' in the word "strawberry". The word "strawberry" contains letters: s t r a w b e r r y. Count r's: there are three 'r's? Let's check: s(1) t(2) r(3) a(4) w(5) b(6) e(7) r(8) r(9) y(10). Actually the word is "strawberry". Let's write out: s, t, r, a, w, b, e, r, r, y. So there are three r's: at positions 3, 8, 9. Yes, three r's. So answer: 3.

But we may also note that "r" appears three times.

Thus answer: 3.

We can provide a short answer.

Thus final: There are three r's in "strawberry".

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I doubt it is possible to mathematically prove much inside of a black box of billions of interconnected weights. But at least in the narrow case of the strawberry problem, it seems likely that LLM inference could reliably recognizing that sort of problem as the type that would benefit from a letter counting tool call as part of the response.