>Receiver tried to create a file before receiving attributes of the directory containing the file. Receiver author assumed it would always receive directory attributes first and create the directory, so it crashed.

This case, and a bunch of the others, are variations on failing to correctly implement dependency analysis. I'm not saying it's easy, it is far from easy, but this has been part of large systems design (anything that involves complex operations on trees of dependent objects) for years, especially in the networking space.

Indeed, your fourth bullet gets to some of the very ancient techniques (though STP isn't a great example) to address parts of the problem.

The last bullet is very hard. Honestly, I'd be happy if icloud and dropbox just got the basics right in the single-writer case and stopped fucking up my cloud-synced .sparsebundle directory trees. I run mtree on all of these and routinely find sync issues in Dropbox and iCloud drive, from minor (crazy timestamp changes that make no sense and are impossible, but the data still complete and intact) to serious (one December, Dropbox decided to revert about 1/3rd of the files to the previous October version).

The single writer case (no concurrency, large gaps in time between writers) _is_ easy and yet they continue to fuck it up. I check every week with mtree and see at least one significant error a year (and since I mirror these to my NAS and offline external storage, I am confident this is not a user error or measuring error).