The problem with mRNA vaccines for cancer is effectiveness. Vaccines already work well for prevention of relapses in e.g. tumors that have been surgically removed.

They might also be great combined with early-stage detection via ctDNA.

But in late-stage patients, the effectiveness is limited because the host immune system is compromised.

Several landmark mRNA cancer vaccine trials by BioNTech and others have pointed in this direction.

In vivo reprogramming of T cells might be the next frontier. In fact, the BioNTech founders are moving to a new venture, but it's unclear what their thesis is.

CAR-T recipient here! It's been a cure some some bleak cancers. Very much a game changer with seemingly a lot more to uncover with it before we move onto something else. Unfortunately for me, mine resides in bone which is hard to traverse.