Contemporary interpretation of the Constitution does not allow a wealth tax.

From Section 8: The Congress shall have Power To lay and collect Taxes, Duties, Imposts and Excises, to pay the Debts and provide for the common Defence and general Welfare of the United States...

A future Congress could interpret this to mean paying off the debt is in the general welfare of the country. And if SCOTUS wants to beef, Congress could craft "exceptions" and "regulations" to their appellate power which is power explicitly granted to Congress.

"3 equal branches" is modern propaganda. Congress is the more powerful branch given its explicit power to control Executive function through budgets and strip SCOTUS justices of all but a few ceremonial powers to do with ambassadors and other foreign states. Then we might actually have a Judiciary again instead of Executive, Legislative, and SCOTUS.

But Congress is full of rich people who intentionally avoid flexing the full power against the other two branches.

I don't understand how anyone reads

"The Congress shall have Power To lay and collect Taxes...to pay the Debts... of the United States"

and says it doesn't allow a wealth tax. I guess that's why I'm not a lawyer.