I see two things discussed too little:

* in the ICE world, California and EU norms created a tight barrier to entry. the patent portfolio protected the old automotive industry. they only built their patent protected ICEs, and they bought everything else from suppliers.

  electric circumvents that barrier and that enabled dozens of new automotive OEMs:  the first big disruptor

  too bad the hard part for software instead is system integration.  consistency cross all components.

  all the great hardware engineering processes are completely ND utterly misguided for software system engineering.. integrate rely, often, continuously vs clearly specified interfaces and isolated component engineering with expensive and thus relatively rare integration.


  that's IMHO the second disruption for automotive.