Where I live, in the EU, we just have signs and the parking meters have been gone for several years

I found one parking lot in the EU where there were only signs, and the signs not only pointed to an Android+iOS only, attestation-protected app, rather than a website, but an app that, at least on Android, was region-locked to only allow installations from people with the local country set correctly in Play Store (something completely different than the country Google sets for your account, for some reason).

It was a public lot, and the only lot in the town, as far as we could tell.