I wonder, why that kind of ambiguity or complexity even comes to your mind at all. Just because python is weird?

def foo(self, arg=expression):

could, and should work as if it was written like this (pseudocode)

def foo(self, arg?): if is_not_given(arg): arg=expression

if "expression" is a literal or a constructor, it'd be called right there and produce new object, if "expression" is a reference to an object in outer scope, it'd be still the same object.

it's a simple code transformation, very, very predictable behavior, and most languages with closures and default values for arguments do it this way. Except python.

What you want is for an assignment in a function definition to be a lambda.

  def foo (self, arg=lambda : expression):

> most languages with closures and default values for arguments do it this way.

Do these also evaluate function definitions at runtime?