Maybe I'm wrong, but for this query:

SELECT * FROM benchmark_logs WHERE severity < 3 ORDER BY timestamp DESC LIMIT 10;

this index

CREATE INDEX ON benchmark_logs (severity, timestamp);

cannot be used as proposed: "Postgres can jump directly to the portion of the tree matching severity < 3 and then walk the timestamps in descending order to get the top K rows."

Postgres with this index can walk to a part of the tree with severity < 3, but timestamps are sorted only for the same severity.

The "But Wait, We Need Filters Too" paragraph mentions "US" filter which is introduced only later on.