I'm not sure how relevant this is anymore, but when I worked in SEO/Rep Management, when a website was dinged either by google or by hackers, we would usually spin up a new website as an umbrella website for the brand, fix their old site, and create a few smaller websites for the brand in specific niches (like if the brand was a bookseller, we'd have local websites, genre websites, etc.), link to the new websites by the umbrella site, then do a link analysis of the old site, and any news media with high authority, we'd have them update their links to point to the new umbrella website.

It was 100% a game of whack-a-mole. And while we were a reputation raiser, we were always combatting against reputation tarnishers. Car dealerships already have a bad reputation to begin with, but they hate eachother more than their customers hate them. They were our bread and butter. Same with tradespeople (plumbing, electrical, hvac, handy(wo)men).