Oh, that's very neat, I can imagine that some future front-end to a SDR will have no antenna at all, just a bunch of solid state.

The abstract of the paper:

"""Coupling a Rydberg vapour medium to both microwave and optical fields enables the benefits of all-optical detection, such as minimal disturbance of the measured field and resilience to very strong signals, since no conventional antenna is required. However, peak sensitivity typically relies on adding a microwave local oscillator, which compromises the all-optical nature of the measurement. Here we introduce an alternative, optical-bias detection, that maintains fully optical operation while achieving high sensitivity. To address laser phase noise, which is critical in this approach, we perform a simultaneous measurement of the noise using a nonlinear process and correct it in real time via data processing. This yields a 35 dB improvement in signal-to-noise ratio compared with the basic method. We demonstrate a sensitivity of 176 nV / cm / sqrt(f Hz) , reliable operation up to 3.5 mV/cm at 13.9 GHz, and quadrature-amplitude modulated data transmission, underlining the ability to detect microwave field quadratures while preserving the unique advantages of all-optical detection."""

Emph. mine, at about -36 dBm that's not super sensitive yet though, but that formula suggests that at lower frequencies it should be a lot more sensitive.

The paper is at: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-025-63951-9

The abstract is not very clearly written. The 3.5 mV/cm is the maximum detectable field strength before the system starts to saturate. I would be interested how the sensitivity compares to conventional (cryogenic) semiconductor detectors.