In J2ME feature phones Java was all there was, and even today many indies do use it on casual titles on Android.

Which is why after so much resistance not wanting to use the NDK for Vulkan, and keeping using OpenGL ES from those devs, Google is bringing WebGPU to Java and Kotlin devs on Android.

Announced at last Vulkanised, there is already an alpha version available, and they should talk more about it on upcoming Vulkanised.