It's happened at least three times:

Win8.1 x64 required double-width compare and exchange instruction support, so people who bought Win8 for a CPU or motherboard that didn't support it had to downgrade to the 32-bit version or lose support in 2016.

Win7 updates from 2018 onwards required SSE2 with no warning.

Win11 24H2 and later won't install on x86 processors that don't support the x86-64-v2 baseline.