2 is true even for highly experienced engineers over the long horizon, you keep building and then you realize that there's a better pattern that you should refactor a bunch of stuff for, but it gets tabled because feature XYZ is more important, and then feature YZW, etc. and then one day you're faced with looking down the abyss of committing to a refactor while some JE wants to rewrite everything in rust.

And then you realize that most stuff is not worth refactoring if you can’t finish it in one go… it’s like a dunning Krueger roller coaster.