This kinda reminds me of error correction, and where at some level you can have detectable but not correctable error conditions. Adding Bob is just like adding a parity bit: can give you a good indication someone lied, but won't fix anything. Adding Charlie gives you the crudest ECC form, a repetition code (though for storing one bit, I don't think you can do better?)

I guess if you only need to store one bit you could store either 0 or 11 and on average use less than two bits (for bit flips only), or 111 if you have to also worry about losing/duplicating bits.