Super interesting to hear about those concepts from another language/culture. While you are right that in software pretty much everything is "scaffolding" in the semiconductor the scaffolding vs steel applies.

To simplify it as much as possible, to make a chip multiple masks are created for different layers. The top layers are metal(scaffolding) and the base layers are silicon(steel). The metal layer masks are much cheaper to make than the base layers. So we add extra unused cells in the base layers and then if there are issues we try to fix them only in the metal layers.

It's not really an art nowadays, since it's been refined so much with tooling and processes. But your analogy is very applicable, I might try to refer to it in the future if I ever need to explain the concept to someone.

@doix, thank you for the fascinating deep dive into semiconductor design. To make sure I’ve grasped your point correctly, let me try to summarize it:

- Base Layer (Silicon) = "Steel": Re-manufacturing it is extremely costly, so it must be perfect from the start. - Top Layer (Metal) = "Scaffolding": The wiring layers. These are much cheaper to produce, allowing for "patches" or corrections later on. - The Wisdom of "Unused Cells": By embedding spare cells in the base layer upfront, you can fix bugs later just by changing the metal layers.

Did I get that right?

If so, this logic deeply resonates with what I’ve seen in Japanese "Shinise" (long-standing businesses) as a banker. Specifically, two practices that might look "inefficient" in a modern business model are, in my view, the "Unused Cells" of our Base Layer:

1. Not firing employees easily: While some models treat labor like a "Metal layer" to be cut and replaced for quick optimization, Shinise treat people as part of the "Silicon layer." We keep them even in hard times so that when a big crisis hits, we can "re-wire" their roles to survive together.

2. Keeping high cash savings: Many modern companies prefer to spend all their cash to maximize growth speed. However, Shinise keep a lot of cash. This is like the spare cells in your silicon—it allows us to finance our own "re-wiring" when the market crashes, without the foundation collapsing.

Your insight has given me a powerful new framework for why some organizations survive for 500 years while others vanish in three. Thank you!