> In many respects 2025 was a lost year for programming. People speak about tools, setups and prompts instead of algorithms, applications and architecture.

I think the opposite. Natural language is the most significant new programming language in years, and this year has had a tremendous amount of progress in collectively figuring out how to use this new programming language effectively.

> and this year has had a tremendous amount of progress in collectively figuring out how to use this new programming language effectively.

Hence the lost year. Instead of productively building things, we spent a lot of resources on trying to figure out how to build things.