Yes, notebooks are a restrictive type of litterate programming, interactive and browser bound.

TeX was "proven" as a text/typography tool by the fact that the source code written in WEB (interleaving pascal and TeX (this is meta (metacircular))) allows for you to "render" the program as a typographed work explaining how TeX is made+ run the program as a mean to create typographic work.

I'm lacking the words for a better explanation of how do I feel sbout the distinction, but in a sense I would say that notebooks are litterate scrips, while TeX is a litterate program ? (The difference is aesthetical)

There is Org Babel in Emacs that can be an alternative to jupyter notebooks for literate programming (research/devopsy tasks). It is more powerful in some aspects and weaker in others.