I am not a C# guy, but I wrote a lot of Java back in the day, and I can authoritatively tell you that it has so-called "checked exceptions" that the compiler forces you to handle. However, it also has "runtime exceptions" that you are not forced to handle, and they can happen any where and any time. Conceptually, it is the same as error versus panic in Rust. One such runtime exception is the notorious `java.lang.NullPointerException` a/k/a the billion-dollar mistake. So even software in "managed" languages can and does crash, and it is way more likely to do so than software written in Rust, because "managed" languages do not have all the safety features Rust has.