I think some system would need to dynamically analyze the code (as it runs) and record what it does. Even then, that may not catch all malicious activity. It's sort of hard to define what malicious activity is. Any file read or network conn could, in theory, be malicious.

As a SW developer, you may be able to limit the damage from these attacks by using a MAC (like SELinux or Tomoyo) to ensure that your node app cannot read secrets that it is not intended to read, conns that it should not make, etc. and log attempts to do those things.

You could also reduce your use of external packages. Until slowly, over time you have very little external dependencies.