Which ones?? Before Rust, to my knowledge, no language had an actually practical way to use lifetimes and borrow-checking so that both memory safety and concurrency safety (data races, which is huge) were solved, even though the concepts were known in research. Doing the actual work to make it practical is what makes the difference between some obscure research topic and a widely used language that actually solves serious problems in the real world.

▲

pjmlp 3 hours ago | parent [-]

Cyclone for one, which AT&T created exactly to replace C.

▲

brabel 2 hours ago | parent [-]

Yeah but is that a practical language people can use instead of C and Rust? I’ve always heard of it only as a research language that inspired rust but nothing else.

	▲	pjmlp an hour ago \| parent [-]
		Outside AT&T until they ramped down the project, I guess not, Rust also took its time to actually take off beyond Mozilla, and is around because it was rescued by big tech (Amazon, Google, Microsoft,...) hiring most of the core team after Mozilla's layoffs.