Is (like the article said) this information really not taught in electronics curriculum anymore? It's been a while since I was in school, but this was all covered in my undergrad EE 2XX/3XX classes. Do modern designs use fewer diodes and more ICs in their place?

I’m sure it is still taught, but a lot of power designs do often now swap diodes out for actively controlled mosfets, for example in power multiplexing (there are integrated chips called ‘ideal diodes’ or eFuses which use mosfets that do it all for you), or swapping the diodes in DC/DC converters with mosfets (called ‘synchronous rectification’).