What is the source of data that image is using? It seems odd. A datum I quite like is the Campbell's Tomato Soup Inflation Index. [1] Since their introduction in 1897, Campbell's has sold the same tomato soup in the same size container. Its price remained quite stable until 1971 at which point it went into loony land, like many other data. [2]

The point is that even after the central bank was introduced, the US remained on a literal or defacto gold standard, of varying sorts, until 1971. That's when Bretton Woods ended and the value of the USD became based on absolutely nothing and the government granted themselves the power to 'print' arbitrary amounts at their discretion.

[1] - https://theglitteringeye.com/the-tomato-soup-index/

[2] - https://wtfhappenedin1971.com/

It's from a variety of sources due to the large time period and discontinuity in government and 3rd party measuring apparatus over 250 years. Refer to Table 5 for the non-BLS period sources.

https://www.measuringworth.com/docs/cpistudyrev.pdf