The question is whether there are single Ceph deployments are that large. I believe Hetzner uses Ceph for its cloud offering, and that's probably very large, but I'd imagine that no single tenant is storing hundreds of PBs in it. So it's very easy to shard across many Ceph instances. In our use-case we have a single tenant which stores 100s of PBs (and soon EBs).

Digital Ocean is also using Ceph[1]. I think these cloud providers could easily have 100s of PBs Clusters at their size, but it's not public information.

Even smaller company's (< 500 employees) in today's big data collection age often have more than 1 PB of total data in their enterprise pool. Hosters like Digital Ocean hosts thousands of these companies.

I do think that Ceph will hit performance issues at that size and going into the EB range will likely require code changes.

My best guess would be that Hetzner, Digital Ocean and similar, maintain their own internal fork of Ceph and have customizations that tightly addresses their particular needs.

[1]: https://www.digitalocean.com/blog/why-we-chose-ceph-to-build...