While their lithography may lag, their system-level engineering is leveraging unique strengths. China's lack of power constraints allows them to build massive, optically-networked systems like the CloudMatrix 384. There is a SemiAnalysis that compares it to Nvidia’s GB200 NVL72. It looks like they overcome weaker individual chips to outperform Nvidia’s GB200 NVL72 with 2x the compute, 3.6x the aggregate memory, and 2.1x the memory bandwidth. with scale-out networking and software optimization, not just silicon.