Yep. Future of GPU hardware programming? The one we will have to "standard"-ized à la RISC-V for CPUs?

The thing are the vulkan "fences", namely the GPU to CPU notifications. Probably hardware interrupts which will have to be forwarded by the kernel to the userland for an event ring buffer (probably a specific event file descriptor). There are alternatives though: we could think of userland polling/spinning on some cpu-mapped device memory content for notification or we could go one "expensive" step further which would "efficiently" remove the kernel for good here but would lock a CPU core (should be fine nowdays with our many cores CPUs): something along the line of a MONITOR machine instruction, basically a CPU core would halt until some memory content is written, with the possibility for another CPU core to un-halt it (namely spurious un-halting is expected).

Does nvidia handle their GPU to CPU notifications without the kernel too?

eewww... my bad, we would need a timeout on the CPU core locking go back to the kernel.

Well, polling? erk... I guess a event file descriptor is in order, and that nvidia is doing the same.