> I’ll remind you that biologists do not, in the year 2025, know memory’s physical substrate in the brain! Plenty of hypotheses — no agreement. Is there any more central mystery in human biology, maybe even human existence?

Did they not recently transfer memory of how to solve a maze from one mouse to another, giving credibility to what can store information?

Searching, I only find the RNA transfers done in 60s, which ran into some problems. I thought a recent study did transfer proteins.

That work has been pretty thoroughly debunked. What's getting transferred is stress hormones, and you can "duplicate" the results by using animals that have been stressed (but have never seen the maze) as the donors. They don't know anything about the maze, so can't transfer any knowledge. The recipients do better in the maze because they are more alert, due to the transfer of stress hormones.

I would love to see some sources for this. Sounds super interesting. When do we get Matrix-style learning modules?